I remember he and his beautiful family so well - when I was organist at St. Love & prayers, Donna & Brian Nester & Mary Jane (Allen) Kerns. Me to imagine not having my Sister-in-the-Lord to speak to on an almost daily basis. It was no secret that Dennis was very devoted to his family, enjoyed life, loved to.
Abbott Government | |
---|---|
In office | |
18 September 2013 – 15 September 2015 | |
Monarch | Elizabeth II |
Governor-General | Dame Quentin Bryce Sir Peter Cosgrove |
PrimeMinister | Tony Abbott |
Deputy | Warren Truss |
Party | Liberal and National (Coalition) |
Status | Majority |
Origin | Abbott wins 2013 federal election |
Demise | Abbott loses 2015 Liberal leadership spill |
Predecessor | Rudd Government (II) |
Successor | Turnbull Government |
| |
---|---|
|
The Abbott Government was the federal executive government of Australia led by the 28thPrime MinisterTony Abbott. The government was made up of members of the Liberal–National Coalition. The Leader of The Nationals, Warren Truss, served as Deputy Prime Minister. Following the 2013 Australian federal election held on 7 September, the Coalition defeated the second Rudd Government, ending six years of Labor Government. The Abbott Government was sworn into office on 18 September 2013.[1] Less than two years later on 14 September 2015, Malcolm Turnbull defeated Abbott in a leadership ballot, 54 votes to 44 and the Turnbull Government became the executive government of Australia.
In economic policy, the Abbott Government aimed to rein in a budget deficit that reached A$48.5 billion by June 2014.[2] It concluded free trade agreements with China, Japan and South Korea. It removed the Rudd-Gillard era Resource Super Profits Tax and carbon pricing.[3][4] It established the National Commission of Audit to advise on restoring the Budget to surplus; instituted the Royal Commission into trade union governance and corruption; founded the Medical Research Future Fund; and produced White Papers on Developing Northern Australia and the Agricultural Competitiveness. Treasurer Joe Hockey delivered two Budgets, the first focused on expenditure reduction measures, but faced a hostile reception in the Senate and media. Partial deregulation of universities, and a $7 contribution to doctor visits were proposed, but blocked by the Senate. The second Budget emphasised stimulus for the small business sector.
Abbott campaigned in opposition and in office to halt the people smuggling trade, and unauthorised maritime arrivals ceased during his term of office under Operation Sovereign Borders.[5] In foreign policy, Australia continued its military engagement in the Mid-East, amid the worsening Syrian conflict. In 2015, The Abbott Government agreed to resettle an additional 12,000 refugees from the region.[6] Abbott and Foreign Minister Julie Bishop challenged Russia at the United Nations over the shooting down of Malaysian Flight MH17 in Ukraine. The Government launched the New Colombo Plan to encourage educational exchange with the Indo-Pacific region.
Domestically, Abbott campaigned for recognition of Indigenous Australians in the Australian Constitution, flagging a referendum for 2017, and promised a plebiscite on the issue of same-sex marriage. Air and road infrastructure was prioritised. Abbott had to negotiate a hostile Senate. The Palmer United Party had emerged at the 2013 election, but fractured soon after. The Liberal Party faced Cabinet leaks and early leadership instability, after a poorly received first Budget and amid media criticism.[7] Abbott became the shortest-serving Australian Prime Minister since William McMahon, when his government was succeeded by the Turnbull Government. Turnbull cited Newspoll results and 'economic leadership' as reasons for mounting his challenge against Abbott.[8]
- 4Term of government
- 4.1Foreign affairs
- 4.2Trade
- 4.3Defence
- 4.6Economic policy
- 4.8Social policy
- 4.9Immigration
- 4.12Media and Communications
- 4.14Health
- 4.15Education
- 52015 Abbott leadership loss
Background[edit]
Senior members of the government following their swearing-in ceremony: Warren Truss, Tony Abbott, Julie Bishop, and Eric Abetz.
The Liberal–National coalition, led by Abbott, won the 2013 Australian federal election, returning their Coalition to power after six years in opposition. Abbott, a Rhodes Scholar, and former trainee Catholic priest, journalist and political advisor, had entered Parliament in 1994 as the Member for Warringah and served as a senior minister in the Howard Government, which lost office at the 2007 election to the Australian Labor Party, led by Kevin Rudd. Abbott served as Shadow Minister for Indigenous Affairs under Liberal leaders Brendan Nelson and Malcolm Turnbull and then became Leader of the Opposition following a 2009 leadership spill in which he defeated the incumbent leader, Turnbull, by one vote.
Rudd did not complete his first term in office, having been replaced by Julia Gillard following an internal Labor party leadership vote in June 2010. Abbott led the Coalition to the 2010 federal election, which saw the Gillard Government narrowly retain office by forming a minority government with the support of four crossbench MPs after the election produced a hung parliament.[9] Leadership instability in the Labor Party continued, and Gillard was replaced by Rudd following a Labor ballot conducted shortly before the 2013 election.
As Opposition Leader, Abbott opposed the Rudd–Gillard government's introduction of a mining profits tax, and emissions trading scheme and carbon tax, and criticised the handling of asylum seeker policy. He offered support to the Gillard government's National Disability Insurance Scheme, and matched the government on its first four years funding for the Gonski restructuring of education funding. He took a proposal for an expanded paid parental leave scheme, part funded by a levy on big business, to the 2010 and 2013 elections. If elected, he promised to instigate a referendum to give recognition to Indigenous Australians in the Australian Constitution, and to prioritise indigenous affairs by placing it within the department of prime minister and cabinet, saying: 'There will be, in effect, a prime minister for Aboriginal affairs'.[10][11] In his 2013 election campaign, Abbott told the media that the Coalition wanted to 'build a stronger economy so that everyone can get ahead. We'll scrap the carbon tax, end the waste, stop the boats and build the infrastructure and the roads of the 21st century.'[12]
2013 election[edit]
The Liberal Party under Abbott, together with the National Party, led by Warren Truss, achieved a 3.65-point two-party-preferred swing at the 2013 election, winning 90 of the Australian House of Representatives seats compared with the Labor Party's 55.[13] The Greens retained their one seat in the chamber, with Bob Katter of Katter's Australian Party also returned. Two independents won seats in the House, and the seat of Fairfax fell from the Nationals to Clive Palmer, leader of the newly formed Palmer United Party.[13]
The emergence of the fledgling Palmer United Party was a notable feature of the election. The new party secured a House of Representatives seat and three senators (although two senators subsequently split from the party).[14] The Greens, which had been in alliance with Labor for the preceding three years, lost one senator and a third of their vote under new leader Christine Milne. The party had campaigned heavily against Abbott and promised to block his key election commitment to abolish the carbon tax it had jointly introduced with the Gillard government.[15][16][17]
The Australian Electoral Commission successfully petitioned the High Court for the West Australian Senate election to be declared void, on account of 1,375 ballot papers lost during a recount after the election. The initial count had declared the Liberals and Labor winners of four of six seats, with remaining two going to Zhenya Wang of the Palmer United Party, and Labor's Senator Louise Pratt. The faulty recount narrowly gave the final two seats to Wayne Dropulich of the Australian Sports Party, and to the Greens' Senator Scott Ludlam. In February 2014, the High Court ordered a new Senate election for Western Australia.[18][19]
Appointments[edit]
Tony Abbott is sworn in by Governor-General Quentin Bryce
The Abbott government after being commissioned by Quentin Bryce on 18 September 2013.
Governor-General Quentin Bryce officially commissioned the Abbott Ministry on 18 September 2013. Fifteen of Abbott's ministers had served in the Howard Government. The Leader of the National Party, Warren Truss, became Deputy Prime Minister, Joe Hockey assumed the post of Treasurer and Deputy Liberal Leader Julie Bishop became the first woman appointed Foreign Minister of Australia. Senator Mathias Cormann was promoted to the position of Minister for Finance.
Of the three female members of the Abbott Shadow Cabinet, Julie Bishop retained her position in Foreign Affairs following the 2013 election, while Bronwyn Bishop became Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives, and the Shadow Industry Minister Sophie Mirabella lost her seat at the election. Bronwyn Bishop resigned as Speaker in 2015. Julie Bishop remained the only woman in Cabinet until Sussan Ley was appointed to Cabinet to replace Peter Dutton as Health and Sport Minister in 2014 when Dutton was made Immigration Minister in Abbott's Cabinet revision. Five other women were appointed to posts in the outer ministry, and one of the twelve parliamentary secretaries is female.[20][21]Philip Ruddock, the longest serving member in the Parliament, was appointed Chief Government Whip.[22]Eric Abetz retained the portfolio of Employment, George Brandis was appointed Attorney-General, Christopher Pyne as Education Minister, and Abbott's former leadership rival Malcolm Turnbull took Communications.[22]
In his speech following his swearing-in ceremony, Abbott said his government would 'strive to govern for all Australians':[23] 'We won't forget those who are often marginalised; people with disabilities, Indigenous people and women struggling to combine career and family. We will do our best not to leave anyone behind. We hope to be judged by what we have done rather than by what we have said we will do.'
The Abbott ministry was not announced for an unusually long period and the Agence France Presse reported that Abbott had set out to stamp a 'markedly different style on government' standing 'in stark contrast to the 'chaos' he liked to accuse his Labor predecessors of fomenting as almost hourly soundbites, lengthy press conferences and briefings were cranked out in an effort to control the 24-hour news cycle'.[24]
The first Abbott ministry divided responsilbilities for science between the portfolios of Education, under Christopher Pyne, and Industry, under Ian McFarlane.[25][26] The December 2014 Cabinet reshuffle saw Ian McFarlane become the Minister for Industry and Science.[27]
Term of government[edit]
Foreign affairs[edit]
Minister for Foreign Affairs and Deputy Liberal Leader, Julie Bishop.
Julie Bishop became the first woman to represent Australia as Minister for Foreign Affairs. In Opposition, Abbott and Bishop pledged that a Coalition government would shift Australia's foreign policy focus to be 'less Geneva, more Jakarta'.[28] Abbott chose the Indonesian capital as his first overseas destination, and travelled to Jakarta on 30 September 2013, to meet with President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono on 30 September 2013.[29]
In October, Abbott returned to Indonesia to attend his first APEC leaders' summit, to discuss trade and economic relations and meet with Chinese President Xi Jinping, US Secretary of State John Kerry and other world leaders. Following the summit, Abbott travelled to Bali, where he laid a wreath at the memorial of the 2002 Bali bombing. He also announced a commitment to extend compensation to Australian victims of terrorist attacks, allowing payments of up to A$75,000 to those who suffered in attacks on New York, London, Egypt, Mumbai, Jakarta, Bali and Nairobi since 2001.[30] In Brunei, Abbott also attended his first East Asia Summit with world leaders, including India's Prime Minister Manmohan Singh.[31]
In 2013, prior to the election of the Abbott government, US intelligence leaker Edward Snowden had been granted asylum by Russia after handing over large amounts of confidential information from US government databases to world media.[32] Australian–Indonesian diplomatic relations began to suffer in the early months of the government, as The Guardian and ABC News began to publish material, which had been made public due to Snowden's leaking, suggesting that Australian spy agencies during the term of the previous government had spied on the Indonesian President and his wife.[33] The alleged spying had taken place soon after the July 2009 bombing of Jakarta's Marriott and Ritz-Carlton hotels.[34] Indonesia recalled its ambassador over the affair.[35]
Shooting down of MH17[edit]
During the 2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine, Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 was shot down in a missile attack. Julie Bishop and Australia's UN Ambassador Gary Quinlan led negotiations at the United Nations Security Council to adopt a unanimous resolution, demanding that the armed groups in control of the crash site refrain from interfering with it and allow for the repatriation of victims and an international investigation into the attack.[36] Bishop was honoured by The Netherlands for her role in securing the resolution and investigation.[37]
The downing of the flight had resulted in 298 deaths, including 38 Australian citizens and residents. In the lead up to the 2014 G20 meeting in Brisbane, Tony Abbott focused world attention on Russia's role in the shooting down of the civilian plane. In a meeting with Russian President Vladimir Putin at the APEC meeting in Beijing, Abbott reportedly told the president that Australia had information that the missile that destroyed the plane had Russian origin and that Russia should consider apologising and offering appropriate restitution to the victims of the shooting. Russia continued to deny involvement.[38]
Trade[edit]
Trade MinisterAndrew Robb.
Andrew Robb served as Minister for Trade and Investment. In April 2014, Abbott led a trade delegation to Japan, South Korea and China. The three economies accounted for more than half of all of Australia's two-way trade.[39] By the close of his tenure, Abbott's government had struck free trade agreements with the three nations.
The Abbott Government also established the Germany-Australia Advisory Group, to advise on improving trade relations, and pursued trade agreements with Indonesia and India.[40][41]
Free trade agreements[edit]
- Japan–Australia Economic Partnership Agreement
On the Japanese leg of the 2014 trade mission, Abbott agreed the key elements of a free trade agreement with the government of Shinzo Abe.[42] A number of concessions were secured for Australian agricultural exporters, while Australian tariffs on electronics, whitegoods and cars were to be lowered. Negotiations for the agreement began under the Howard Government in 2007. Abbott said, 'This is the first time that Japan has negotiated a comprehensive economic partnership agreement or free trade agreement with a major economy, particularly a major economy with a strong agricultural sector.'[43] Abe travelled to Australia in July to sign the Japan–Australia Economic Partnership Agreement, and address the Australian Parliament.[44]
- Australia Korea Free Trade Agreement
On the South Korean leg of the mission, Abbott signed the Australia Korea Free Trade Agreement (KAFTA) with the government of Park Geun-hye in Seoul. The agreement reduced tariffs on primary products and reset the foreign investment review threshold to more than $1 billion.[45]
- China–Australia Free Trade Agreement
The Abbott trade mission continued on to China, where he met with Premier Li Keqiang and President Xi Jinping. In an address to the Boao Forum, Abbott said 'Team Australia' is in China to 'help build the Asian century'. He was accompanied by Foreign Minister Bishop, Trade Minister Robb, five of Australia's state premiers, and 30 of the country's senior business executives. Abbott also discussed the search for missing Malaysia Airlines flight MH370, being led by Australia.[46] Abbott announced military co-operation between the China and Australia would be developed to include high-level meetings, staff exchanges and joint exercises. He also announced that President Xi would address the Australian Parliament in 2015.[47]
The China–Australia Free Trade Agreement (ChAFTA) was signed in Canberra on 17 June 2015, by Andrew Robb, and the Chinese Commerce Minister, Gao Hucheng.[48] Abbott hailed the agreement, saying that, along with the Korean and Japan agreements, it would underpin Australia's prosperity in coming years.[49] Labor campaigned against the agreement during the Canning by-election, but subsequently agreed to support the Turnbull Government in ratifying the FTA.[49][50]
Defence[edit]
The Abbott Government period saw the continued wind down of Australia's involvement in the Afghanistan conflict and moves to enhance co-operation with China, Japan and the United States in regional defence operations, but also saw the deterioration of the Syrian Civil War and rise of the threat of Islamic State, along with an ongoing Islamist terrorism threat to Australia and its allies. Abbott committed to increasing Defence spending to two per cent of GDP within a decade.[51]David Johnston served as Minister for Defence until December 2014, when he was replaced by Kevin Andrews.[52][53]
At the end of October 2013, Abbott travelled to Afghanistan with opposition leader Bill Shorten for a special ceremony at the Australian base in Tarin Kowt in Uruzgan, saying that 'Australia's longest war is ending. Not with victory, not with defeat, but with, we hope, an Afghanistan that is better for our presence here.' Afghan forces were scheduled to take over running of the camp in mid-December.[54][55]
Tony Abbott with US Secretary of State John Kerry in June 2014.
Abbott met with US President Barack Obama in June 2014, in Washington, and approved a legal agreement for the deployment of around 1,300 US Marines to the Northern Territory, first proposed under the Gillard Government.[56] Abbott also moved to strengthen economic and defence ties with Japan, signing the Japan–Australia Economic Partnership Agreement and inviting Shinzō Abe to address Parliament and announcing a transfer of defence technology and equipment would be included in it.[57]
In 2014, the government announced the investment of $12 billion in F-35 joint strike fighters.[58]
- Submarine construction
Fairfax Political Editor Mark Kenny attributed the anti-Liberal swing in the 2014 Fisher state by-election in South Australia to Federal factors associated with the Defence Portfolio, writing: 'People on both sides of the aisle in Adelaide say the dominant factor was the Abbott government's perceived intention to buy submarines 'off the shelf' from Japan rather than build the high-tech vessels in South Australia as had been promised.'[59]
Days prior to the by-election, the Defence Minister David Johnston had denounced the capabilities of the Australian Submarine Corporation which wanted to construct Australia's new submarine fleet at Adelaide, saying the company was at least $350 million over budget in building three air warfare destroyer ships: 'You wonder why I'm worried about ASC and what they're delivering to the Australian taxpayer, you wonder why I wouldn't trust them to build a canoe?' the Minister told Parliament.[60] Labor campaigned at the by-election on the issue, and linked Abbott to the state vote.[61] Labor won the traditionally Liberal seat by just five votes from a 7.27 percent two-party swing to go from minority to majority government.[62]
- MH370 search
On 8 March 2014 Malaysian Airlines Flight MH370 disappeared and presumably crashed somewhere in the Indian Ocean, within Australia's search and rescue zone. Consequently, the Chinese and Australian militaries co-operated in the search for the missing plane, and in April 2014 the People's Liberation Army asked to operate under Australian command in the largest international exercises in which it had ever participated. The Fairfax press reported: 'It is believed to be the first time the PLA would operate under Western command in a military exercise'.[63]
- Islamic State deployment
Following the Arab Spring uprisings, and withdrawal of the bulk of US troops from Iraq, the threat of Islamic State/ISIL/ISIS emerged, amid the deteriorating Syrian Civil War. The extremist Sunni Islamist group was battling government forces in Syria and Iraq, with the objective of establishing of an Islamic caliphate across the region.[64] Domestic terrorist attacks by ISIS supporters occurred in Australia in 2014, with knife and gun attacks in Melbourne and Sydney against police and civilians. In October 2014, the Federal cabinet approved the decision to launch air strikes in Iraq in response to concerns over ISIL militant groups.[65][66] Abbott announced that the Australian mission was to 'disrupt and degrade' Islamic State 'at home and abroad'.[67]
According to Defence analyst and Abbott confidant Catherine McGregor, Abbott was frustrated at the lack of a serious effort to destroy ISIS and wanted to approach the British and the French to join him in lobbying the Obama Administration to escalate its campaign against the Islamic State, and to deploy Australian Special Forces to find and kill ISIS leaders.[68] In September 2015, the Abbott Government expanded Australia's military mission, by joining US-led airstrikes against IS targets in Syria, and announced that 12,000 additional refugees from the region would be accepted.[69] Shortly after losing office, Abbott gave this appraisal of the battle against Islamic State:
The rise of Daesh has turned it into a fight between bad and worse: the Assad regime whose brutality is the Islamic State death cult's chief local recruiter; and a caliphate seeking to export its apocalyptic version of Islam right around the world. Given the sheer scale of the horror unfolding in Syria, Iraq and everywhere Daesh gains a foothold – the beheadings, the crucifixions, the mass executions, the hurling off high buildings, the sexual slavery – and its perverse allure across the globe, it's striking how little has been done to address this problem at its source. The United States and its allies, including Britain and Australia, have launched airstrikes against this would-be terrorist empire. We've helped to contain its advance in Iraq but we haven't defeated it because it can't be defeated without more effective local forces on the ground.
— Tony Abbott, London, 28 October 2015.[70]
Terrorism[edit]
Prime Minister Tony Abbott addressing the United Nations General Assembly in 2014.
The government was concerned as early as August 2014 that the Indonesian militant Islamist terror group Jemaah Islamiah has aligned itself to ISIL (ISIS), and formed a potential threat.[71] On 23 September, the government raised Australia's terror alert level from medium to high.[72] In September 2014, an Islamic State supporter was shot dead after stabbing two policemen in Melbourne, and in December, an Islamic State supporter was shot dead after taking hostages and holding up a café in Martin Place, Sydney, in an attack in which two hostages died.[73][74] A month later, Abbott condemned the Charlie Hebdo terror attacks in France as an 'unspeakable atrocity'.[75]
When 60 people were killed in attacks in France, Tunisia and Kuwait on one day on 27 June, Abbott said: 'This illustrates yet again that as far as the Daesh death cult is concerned, it's coming after us.'[76] In July, Communications Minister Malcolm Turnbull told the Sydney Institute that ISIL is not 'Hitler's Germany, Tojo's Japan or Stalin's Russia' and that government should not amplify its significance.[77][78]
At the opening of a regional summit against terrorism in Sydney in June 2015, Abbott praised the leadership against Islamist terrorism shown by Muslim statesmen such as Malaysia's Prime Minister Najib – who had described ISIS as 'against God, against Islam and against our common humanity' – and of Egypt's President el-Sissi – who told Egyptian imams that Islam needed a 'religious revolution'.[79] After losing office, Abbott said on Paul Murray Live on 8 December 2015: 'We've got to work closely with live-and-let-live Muslims because there needs to be, as President (Abdel Fattah) Al-Sisi of Egypt has said, a religious revolution inside Islam... All of those things that Islam has never had – a Reformation, an Enlightenment, a well-developed concept of the separation of church and state – that needs to happen, but we can't do it; Muslims have got to do this for themselves.[80]
Citizenship[edit]
In 2015, the cabinet debated giving the immigration minister new powers to strip dual nationals of their citizenship if they are supporters of terrorist organisations.[81]
Indigenous affairs[edit]
Abbott, a former Indigenous Affairs Minister, reformed the portfolio and brought it within the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, saying: 'There will be, in effect, a prime minister for Aboriginal affairs'.[10] Northern Territory Senator Nigel Scullion was appointed the Minister for Indigenous Affairs in the Abbott Ministry.[82] Scullion, also served as Leader of the Nationals in the Senate.[83][84]
In 2013, Andrew Forrest was chosen to lead a review into Indigenous employment and training programs, which was to report to the Australian government.[85] The review was delivered on 1 August 2014, with 27 recommendations.[86] This was the genesis of the Healthy Welfare Card initiative.[87]
In his February 2014 'Closing the Gap' report to Parliament, Abbott said that Australia was failing to meet the 'more important and the more meaningful targets' of reducing Indigenous disadvantage, and proposed to add a new target to close the gap between Indigenous and non-Indigenous school attendance within five years.[88]
- Constitutional recognition
Speaking at the Welcome to Country ceremony to mark the opening of the 44th Parliament, Abbott committed to pursuing recognition of Indigenous Australians in the Australian Constitution, and noted that the 44th parliament would have two indigenous members.[89] Liberal MP Ken Wyatt chaired an all-party Parliamentary Committee examining the issue, and released a report in June 2015 ahead of a bi-partisan summit.[90] In NAIDOC Week 2015, Abbott and Opposition Leader Bill Shorten jointly hosted a summit with around 40 indigenous leaders at Kirribilli House to discuss the process for achieving Constitutional recognition. Abbott said he hoped the wording for a referendum could be concluded in 2016, for a referendum vote in 2017.[91]
- Indigenous Advisory Council
Abbott's announced an Indigenous Advisory Council in November 2013.[92] The council was to meet three times a year with the Prime Minister and senior ministers to advise the government on policy implementation. Aimed at sparking 'new engagement' with indigenous Australians, the 12 member council was headed by Warren Mundine.[93][94][95] In December 2013 the government announced that was unlikely to provide further funding for the elected National Congress of Australia's First Peoples, which had been established in 2010 as the national representative body for Indigenous Australians.[96][97]
- Remote community visits
In Opposition, Abbott promised to spend a week a year in remote indigenous communities. In September 2014, Abbott and a number of Cabinet Ministers and Departmental Heads set up camp in an Aboriginal Community in Arnhem Land, near Nhulunbuy, 600 km East of Darwin. The Prime Minister discussed land tenure, welfare and Constitutional Recognition.[98] On his August 2015 week in remote indigenous communities, Abbott again discussed constitutional recognition and became the first Prime Minister to visit the grave of land rights champion Eddie Mabo.[99]
- Funding for indigenous affairs
The government also reduced funding to the National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Legal Services and associated policy officer positions in state governments, but not by as much as it had committed to during the election campaign.[100]
In June 2014, the ABC reported that the government planned to find a further $600 million in savings from Indigenous programs, in addition to the $534 million cuts in the 2014 budget.[101][102]
Economic policy[edit]
Abbott Government TreasurerJoe Hockey.
- 2013 Election
Launching his campaign for the 2013 Election, Tony Abbott outlined the economic priorities of the Coalition, promising to tackle government debt, eliminate 'waste' in government expenditure, and decrease taxes which place a burden on industry and business:
We'll build a stronger economy so everyone can get ahead. We'll scrap the carbon tax so your family will be $550 a year better off. We'll get the budget back under control by ending Labor's waste... And we'll build the roads of the 21st century because I hope to be an infrastructure prime minister who puts bulldozers on the ground and cranes into our skies.[...] The current government has turned $50 billion in the bank into debt spiralling towards $400 billion that our children and grandchildren will struggle to repay. We can't go on like this.[103]
— Tony Abbott campaign launch speech, 2013.
Abbott promised to 'cut red tape' and reduce the company tax rate. He committed to abolishing the carbon tax, to bring down power and gas prices, and to abolishing the mining tax to increase investment and employment. On industrial relations, he promised to 'move the workplace relations pendulum back to the sensible centre, restore a strong cop-on-the-beat in the construction industry, and hit dodgy union officials with the same penalties as corporate crooks.'[103]
- Appointments
Joe Hockey, a former Minister for Employment and Workplace Relations in the Howard government, became Treasurer of Australia, and Senator Mathias Cormann became Finance Minister in the Abbott government. Hockey had himself been a contender for the leadership of the Liberal Party in the ballot that saw Abbott win the role in 2009.[104] Cormann had served as Shadow Assistant Treasurer and Shadow Minister for Financial Services and Superannuation.[105] At a 27 September media conference Hockey said the government faced a challenge to sustain growth as the mining investment boom deflates, and indicated that the government was considering ways to stimulate infrastructure spending.[106] Within the first year of their economic stewardship there were 790,000 people unemployed, with an unemployment rate of 6.4% – a 12-year high and an increase of 0.7 points from the time the government came to office.[107] Youth unemployment rose to a 17-year high. Hockey, eleven months after coming to office, blamed the steep rise in unemployment during his stewardship on the former government.[107]
The 2014 federal budget was released on 13 May. In 2015, the Department of Treasury released an intergenerational report, assessing the long-term sustainability of government policies based on demographic projections of Australia's population.[108][109][110][111] In April, Peter Costello published an opinion piece in the Daily Telegraph describing proposed tax changes as a 'morbid joke'.[112][113][114]
National Commission of Audit[edit]
The National Commission of Audit was announced by Treasurer Hockey, and the Minister for Finance, Senator Mathias Cormann, on 22 October 2013. It was established as an independent body to 'review and report on the performance, functions and roles of the Commonwealth government' and to advise on eliminating wasteful spending and government inefficiency and make recommendations to achieve savings sufficient to deliver a surplus of 1 per cent of GDP prior to 2023–24.[115] The Government appointed Tony Shepherd AO to Chair the Commission. The other Commissioners were: Dr Peter Boxall, Tony Cole, Robert Fisher and Amanda Vanstone.[116]
Taxation[edit]
In the 2013 Election campaign, Tony Abbott promised a 'comprehensive tax white paper' to look at tax reform.[117] In June 2014, Abbott launched the Reform of the Federation white paper, with an eye to clarifying 'roles and responsibilities for states and territories so that they are as far as possible, sovereign in their own sphere'.[118] In March 2015, Joe Hockey launched the Abbot Government's Tax White Paper titled 'Re:think'.[119] On 2015 Abbott Made Calls for increasing the GST to 15%[120][121]
Privatisation and efficiency[edit]
The Abbott Government sought to cut spending and sell assets to rein in a budget deficit that reached A$48.5 billion by June 2014.[2] The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) chairman recommended the selling of assets to increase productivity.[122] The National Commission of Audit report released in May 2014 recommended sale of the postal service, along with the Royal Australian Mint and other state assets.[123] The Government raised $5.68 billion selling shares of Medibank Private, Australia's biggest health insurer (the sale was Australia's second-largest initial public offering).[2]
The 2014 Budget announced scoping studies for the privatisation of the Mint, Australian Hearing, the ASIC share registry and Defence Housing Australia, with its $10 billion real estate portfolio.[124] In the 2015 Budget, the government opted to sell the Australian Securities and Investment Commission's share registry, but not the Mint or Defence Housing Australia.[124]
Industrial Relations[edit]
In February 2014, Abbott announced the Royal Commission into trade union governance and corruption to inquire into financial irregularities associated with the affairs of trade unions.[125] The Australian Workers Union, Construction, Forestry, Mining and Energy Union, Electrical Trades Union, Health Services Union and the Transport Workers Union were named in the terms of reference.[126] The Royal Commission inquired into the activities relating to slush funds and other similar funds and entities established by, or related to, the affairs of these organisations. The Commissioner handed down his report in December 2015, finding 'widespread and deep-seated' misconduct by union officials in Australia, and referring than 40 people and organisations to authorities, including police, Directors of Public Prosecutions, the Australian Securities and Investments Commission and the Fair Work Commission. The Final Report made a recommendation for the establishment of an independent body to investigate union records and finances was made, and was received by the Turnbull Government[127]
Northern Australia White Paper[edit]
The Abbott Government sought to attract investment in northern Australia. In June 2015, it released the first ever White Paper on Developing Northern Australia. The Paper contained policy proposals for the development of the north as an 'economic powerhous' over the next two decades, and examined new roads, studies of dam sites, changes to land-use laws as part of a development blueprint.[128] Elements of the push for northern development included boosting links with the Asia-Pacific economies; a $600 million roads package; money to upgrade airstrips and explore rail freight options; a $100 million beef roads fund and a $5 billion concessional loans facility; a $200 million water infrastructure fund and a plan to study river systems for dams viability; support for native title bodies and new surveys to start simplifying land arrangements for economic investment; and a $75 million Cooperative Research Centre.[128]
Agricultural Competitiveness White Paper[edit]
The Agricultural Competitiveness White Paper, released on 4 July 2015, outlined a $4 billion investment in Australian farmers and the competitiveness and profitability of the agriculture sector:[129] The Paper announced tax changes to assist farmers and encourage investment in water infrastructure and fencing, to mitigate droughts. It also includes money for roads and dam development, to assist in production and transport to markets; and five new agricultural trade counsellors help open up overseas markets. The Paper contained an $11.4 million boost to the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC), and the engagement of a new Agriculture Commissioner at the ACCC, to encourage fair-trading and strengthen competition in supply chains.[130] The Paper added $300 million to the National Water Infrastructure Fund, established by the Northern Australia White Paper.[130]
2014 budget[edit]
In May 2014, Joe Hockey delivered his first Federal Budget. Hockey told Parliament: 'On the back of five budget deficits in a row we have inherited a further $123 billion of deficits and debt rising to $667 billion. This challenge is not of our making, but we, the women and men behind me, accept responsibility to fix it.'[131] Hockey outlined a number of proposed expenditure reductions, the abolition of the carbon and mining taxes, a Temporary Budget Repair Levy on high income earners, structural reforms to welfare and university education expenditure, the reintroduction of the fuel excise levy, and the establishment of a $20 billion Medical Research Future Fund, funded by the introduction of a $7 Medicare co-contribution. Hockey predicted, that if the measures were implemented, the budget deficit would fall from $49.9 billion to $29.8 billion over the next year.[131]
On Budget night, economist Chris Richardson told the ABC 7.30 programme that the Budget was 'a solid start towards the planned surplus while it promises some political tussles ahead.'[132] Prior to the 2013 Election, Tony Abbott told SBS Television that there would be: 'No cuts to education, no cuts to health, no change to pensions, no change to the GST and no cuts to the ABC or SBS.'[133] The Fairfax Press reported May that a number of Budget measures broke pre-election commitments and promises made by the Liberals in opposition.[134] On 19 May, New Limited reported that 'According to Newspoll, nearly half of voters said the measures will be lousy for the economy, and more than 60 per cent told a separate Nielsen survey the Budget was unfair.'[135][136][137]
A number of savings and revenue measures in the Budget were opposed by Labor, the Greens and cross benches in the Senate.[138] In his Budget in reply speech, Opposition Leader Bill Shorten said that Labor would oppose around $13 billion worth of cuts and tax hikes, including the changes to university funding.[139] Initially Labor joined the Greens in opposing the reintroduction of a fuel excise levy, delaying passage of the measure until June 2015.[140] Labor and the Greens opposed the Coalition's promised abolition of carbon pricing, and the introduction of 'direct action' carbon-reduction policies, but the Government secured cross bench support for the repeal of the tax in July 2014.[141] Labor and the Greens opposed abolition of the Rudd-Gillard mining tax, but it was repealed with the support of the Palmer United Party in September.[142] The Government was unable to secure passage of its expanded Paid Parental Leave Scheme, or medicare co-contribution and the measures were scrapped. Education Minister Christopher Pyne continues to negotiate for passage of university funding reforms, but the measures are not supported by the Opposition and minor parties.
This budget has been described as 'the beginning of the end' for the Abbott Government.[143]
2015 Budget[edit]
In his 2015 Budget Speech, Hockey said: 'On the economic front, iron ore prices have fallen dramatically and the recovery in the global economy has been weaker than expected. But I say to you, the economic plan laid down by this government more than a year ago, is in place and it is helping us to deal with these challenges.' Hockey proposed significant new small business tax concessions, and said the government would increase funding for development of Australia's north, drought assistance, jobseeker assistance, national security and medical research. The GST was to be revised to include digital purchases[144]
The ABC reported that Hockey's second budget would see a $35 billion deficit for 2015–16, with a fall to $7 billion by 2018–19. The ABC noted that Hockey had pledged $5.5 billion for small businesses and that small business would receive a 100% tax write off for assets costing less than $20,000. A crackdown on welfare fraud would bring in $1.7 billion over forward estimates, and the fight against ISIS would receive better funding.[145]
Financial services policy[edit]
The Abbott government refused calls for a royal commission into financial planner misconduct at the Commonwealth Bank (one of the largest financial service providers in Australia) after a senate committee review into the matter found gross exploitation of bank customers.[146] The government, which favours deregulation, intends to remove customer protections in the sector; allow advisers to earn sales commission and other so-called 'conflicted remuneration' from providing general financial advice; and remove the requirement for financial advisers to tell customers how much they are receiving in commissions every year and give them the chance to opt out of the arrangements every second year.[147] This was in addition to removing the laws that require financial advisers to act in the best interest of their clients, and the requirement that they provide clients with a statement of the fees they'll be charged each year.[148][149]
Social policy[edit]
Adoption[edit]
In December 2013, Abbott launched a taskforce to help make it easier for Australians to permanently adopt children. He made the announcement flanked by NSW Premier Barry O'Farrell and actors Hugh Jackman and Deborra-Lee Furness, who supported the process.[150]
Parental leave scheme[edit]
At the 2013 election, Abbott proposed a plan for $5.5 billion paid parental leave scheme to provide parents with 26 weeks' paid leave, at full replacement wage up to an annual salary of $150,000 (or a maximum of $75,000) – or the minimum wage if greater. The wage replacement strategy was designed to be an economic driver and boost female workforce participation rates and was intended to replace the Gillard government's $1.8 billion scheme, introduced in January 2011.[151]
Same sex marriage[edit]
In opposition, Abbott's Coalition had voted against a same-sex marriage bill put to the Parliament, but in office Abbott indicated that, while he personally opposed redefinition of marriage, if a bill were to come before the new parliament, the Coalition party room would discuss its stance on the issue.[152] In Government, Abbott reaffirmed that he did not support changing the law to recognise same-sex marriages.Attorney General George Brandis challenged the ACT Legislative Assembly's unilateral recognition of same-sex marriage as being inconsistent with the Federal Marriage Act and therefore unconstitutional, a view which was upheld by the High Court on 12 December 2013.[153][154]
Abbott permitted Coalition members to advocate for change if they felt strongly on the issue, and indicated that if a bill were to come before the new parliament, the Coalition party room would discuss its stance on the issue.[152] Opinion polls suggested growing support for change, and on 11 August 2015, Abbott called a Coalition Party room vote and MPs voted against allowing a free vote on the issue 66 to 33. Abbott was criticised by some pro-gay marriage Liberal MPs for holding the vote in the Coalition party room, rather than the Liberal party room.[155] To settle the issue, Abbott proposed a plebiscite following the next election.[156]
Disaster recovery assistance[edit]
One day after the 2013 New South Wales Bushfires destroyed 200 homes in the Blue Mountains to the west of Sydney, the government eased the criteria for receipt of the Australian Government Disaster Recovery Payment, removing financial assistance for evacuees.[157]
Immigration[edit]
Scott Morrison was appointed Minister for Immigration and Border Protection in the Abbott Ministry. In opposition, the Coalition had been highly critical of the Labor government's Asylum Seeker policies. Campaigning for office, Morrison said that the Coalition 'has always believed in immigration as one of the great nation building planks of policy' and that it would undertake measures to restore confidence in Australia's immigration program. The Abbott-led opposition had opposed the Labor government's tightening of restrictions on 457 'skilled migrant' visas, and pledged that in government, it would repeal the law and issue more 457 visas, to stimulate economic growth.[158]
Refugees[edit]
In 2014, Australia took in 11,570 refugees from offshore, mostly through the UNHCR program, which was 11% of the global figure within the Third country resettlement category. For Third country resettlement refugees, this ranked Australia as the recipient of the third highest figure overall, and first on a per-capita basis. For total refugees, this ranked Australia 22nd overall and 28th on a per-capita basis.[6] In 2015, the Abbott Government had been pursuing a policy of increasing its refugee intake from 13,750 people to 18,750 by 2018, but the worsening Syrian Civil War refugee crisis, led Abbott to announce an additional intake of 12,000 places for people escaping that conflict. The Government also committed to $44 million in financial aid to prepare camps for the northern winter.[6] Abbott lost office in September, and the Turnbull Government inherited the plan.
Asylum seekers[edit]
Immigration detention population to December 2014
In Opposition, Tony Abbott promised that his government would 'stop the boats' within his first term of Government. Abbott had been highly critical of Labor's handling of Asylum Seeker policy, and the re-emergence of the people smuggling trade which followed the dismantling of Howard Government policies. Scott Morrison was tasked with managing the government's efforts at stemming the flow of deaths at sea, and unauthorised boat arrivals.[158]
In April 2015, ABC Fact Check reported that Abbott's promise to stop the boats had been delivered: 'The Government launched Operation Sovereign Borders on September 18, 2013, when it took office. Boats continued to arrive for the remainder of 2013, at a rate of five to seven per month. The picture changed in January 2014. Since then only one boat, carrying 157 asylum seekers, has arrived.'[159]
Labor had abandoned offshore processing in 2008, but reintroduced the policy shortly before losing office.[160] An analysis by former Immigration Department chief John Menadue and Australian National University migration expert Peter Hughes regards the downturn in boat arrivals to have begun after the Second Rudd Government announcement that asylum seekers would not be settled in Australia, and other measures undertaken by the Rudd Government to resettle refugees elsewhere.[161] In July 2015, the Labor Opposition voted to abandon its opposition to the Abbott government's 'turn-back-the-boats' policy. Immigration spokesman said the Party also needed the 'full suite of measures to stop deaths at sea and end people smuggling.'[162]
- Operation Sovereign Borders
On the day it was sworn in, the Abbott Government launched Operation Sovereign Borders, a joint agency task force designed to combat people smuggling. Deputy Chief of Army, Angus Campbell was appointed to lead the effort.[159][163] The government instituted a policy of turning-back-boats where it was safe to do so, and sent arrivals to offshore processing centres. From January 2014, until the demise of the Abbott Government in September 2015, only one asylum vessel was reported to have reached Australia.[159]
In December 2014 the Abbott government passed the Migration and Maritime Powers Legislation Amendment (Resolving the Asylum Legacy Caseload) Bill 2014 (Cth)[164] giving the immigration minister unprecedented powers to control the lives of asylum seekers.[165] The Immigration Minister told a Senate inquiry in January 2014 that sharing of information about 'on-water' tactics and intelligence should be limited in the interest of national security.[159] That month, no new boat arrivals were recorded for the first time since the election of the Abbott Government.[159]
On 14 January 2014, Morrison announced the closure of four mainland detention centres.[166] On 4 February 2014, he said that no asylum seeker boats had reached Australia for 36 days, which was the longest stretch in almost five years. 'This is the longest period of no illegal boat arrivals since March of 2009, when arrivals first started to significantly escalate as a consequence of the former Labor Government's decision to abolish the strong border protection regime they inherited from the Howard Government', Morrison told reporters.[167]
The government apologised to Indonesia after Australian Navy ships performing border protection tasks entered the country's waters on six occasions during December 2013 and January 2014.[168] The incidents led to a deterioration in the relationship between the Australian Defence Force and the Indonesian National Armed Forces.[169]
- Detention Centres
On 17 February 2014 there was a riot in the Manus Island detention centre. The riot occurred amid concerns by asylum seekers in detention that their claims were not being processed. The Australian reported that asylum claims were being processed in the lead up to the Manus Island riots. It has since been reported that no such processing was occurring.[170][171]
The BBC reported in December 2014 that 'Rights group say conditions in the PNG and Nauru camps are totally inadequate, citing poor hygiene, cramped conditions, unrelenting heat and a lack of facilities. They say these conditions are causing physical and mental health issues among detainees' and that 'Two young Iranian men have died as a direct result of their detention in PNG.'[172]
In response to a February 2015 Human Rights Commission report critical of conditions for children in detention, Abbott said 'The most compassionate thing you can do is stop the boats. We have stopped the boats' and criticised the Commissioner for not investigating the issue under Labor, when hundreds of people were dying at sea and 2000 children were in detention. The detention figure had reduced to 211 under the Abbott Government.[173]
- Sri Lankan and Indian vessels
In June/July 2014, reports emerged that two boats, carrying presumed Sri Lankan asylum seekers, had been intercepted in the waters between Sri Lanka and Australia. On 7 July, the Immigration Minister confirmed to the High Court that 41 asylum seekers on a boat intercepted west of the Cocos Islands had been returned to Sri Lanka, following an 'enhanced screening process' at sea.[159] Plaintiffs sought an injunction on the transfer of a further 153 asylum seekers from. The Government told the High Court there remained 157 asylum seekers, who were on an Indian flagged vessel that had departed from Pondicherry, India.[159] These asylum seekers were transferred from Cocos Islands to Western Australia to be granted access to Indian consular officials. The Government said that when these asylum seekers 'refused to meet Indian consular officials, who were to establish their identities and residency status', they were transferred to Nauru.[159] The return of Tamil asylum seekers to Sri Lanka was controversial, as the Australian government had previously described Sri Lanka as 'responsible for government-sponsored torture, abuse and mistreatment by police and security forces'.[174][175]
In the government's first year they spent $120,000 on domestic media monitoring on immigration and asylum seekers in the face of criticism for being an overtly secretive area of government.[176]
Infrastructure[edit]
In the 2013 election campaign, Abbott said he wanted to be known as an 'infrastructure prime minister'.[177] In his first Budget, Joe Hockey announced 'Over the next six years, the government will help build new roads, rail, ports and airports' and outlined spending commitments to the East West Link in Melbourne, the Toowoomba Second Range Crossing; the Perth Freight Link; the Midlands Highway upgrade in Tasmania and the North South Road Corridor project in Adelaide and said: 'our $1 billion National Stronger Regions Fund, together with $200 million of new Black Spot funding, and $350 million extra for Roads to Recovery will deliver jobs and better roads across regional and rural Australia.'[178]
In May 2015, the Abbott Government released the Australian Infrastructure Audit. In his 2015 Budget speech, Hockey announced the reintroduction of Fuel Indexation to assist with funding of road-building and said: 'We are rolling out the biggest infrastructure program in Australia's history, with new road and freight corridors being built right across the country'.[179]
- Transport investment
In opposition, Abbott had called for less investment in 'inefficient, over-manned, union-dominated, government-run train and bus systems', because 'cars facilitated a sense of personal mastery public transport never would', saying 'The humblest person is king in his own car.'[180] In office, Abbott withdrew some funding for planned public transport projects.[181][182]
On 19 September 2013, Abbott joined NSW Premier Barry O'Farrell to jointly launch the 33-kilometre (21 mi) WestConnex motorway for Sydney.[183]
In Victoria, Abbott supported construction of the East West Link in Melbourne. The Age reported that the timing of the provision of funds for the East West Link, the last day of the 2013–14 financial year, was criticised by federal Auditor-General Grant Hehir as a strategy to artificially blow out the deficit of the outgoing government.[184]
- Second Sydney airport
On 15 April 2014, the Abbott government announced approval for a second Sydney airport at Badgerys Creek, 50 kilometres (31 mi) west of Sydney's CBD, and to develop accompanying integrated infrastructure. The announcement of the A$2.5 billion project ended years of uncertainty over the site, which had been purchased[when?] by the Hawke Government. Abbott predicted that the project would create 60,000 new jobs for Western Sydney by the time the airport was fully operational.[185]
Science[edit]
The first Abbott ministry divided responsilbilities for science between the portfolios of Education, under Christopher Pyne, and Industry, under Ian McFarlane. This was reported as the first ministry since 1931 to be without a dedicated Minister for Science. This drew criticism from scientific organisations including the Australian Academy of Science.[25][26] The December 2014 Cabinet reshuffle saw the title Science restored, under Ian McFarlane's Ministry of Industry and Science.[27]
In the 2014 Budget, Joe Hockey announced a commitment to build the $20 billion Medical Research Future Fund, to boost funding for medical research.[186]
Media and Communications[edit]
Malcolm Turnbull took up the role of Minister for Communications following the election of the Abbott Government. On 14 September 2015, Turnbull resigned the position to challenge Abbott's leadership of the Liberal Party.
National Broadband Network[edit]
Tony Abbott, as Leader of the Opposition, and Malcolm Turnbull, as Shadow Minister for Communications and Broadband, stated in 2010 that in government they would 'demolish' the NBN.[187][188]
In opposition, the Abbott-led Coalition was critical of the Labor government's National Broadband Network policy, and proposed to deliver 'a cheaper version, more efficiently', by funding a technologically inferior fibre to the node network, rather than Labor's primarily fibre to the premises network. In opposition, the Coalition promised their alternative would deliver a minimum 25 Mbit/s to 100% of premises by 2016 and a minimum 50 Mbit/s to 100% of premises by 2019, requiring peak funding of $29.5bn.[189] This compared to the previous government's NBN target of 100Mbit/s to 93% of premises by 2021 and 25Mbit/s to the remaining 7% of premises by 2016, with peak funding of $44bn. Social media activists attacked the Coalition's plan, describing it as 'fraudband'.[190]
Following the 2013 election, Communications Minister Malcolm Turnbull assumed responsibility for management of the network, and invited the Labor appointed board of NBN Co to offer their resignations and announced a strategic review of the project.[191] The review found that the Coalition's NBN would require funding of $41bn (up from $29.5bn) and that 44% of premises would receive 25Mbit/s by 2016 (down from 100%).[192] Turnbull, a former Rhodes Scholar and successful businessman, had previously worked in the field of internet communications, being a co-founder of OzEmail.[193]
On 15 December 2014, the government announced that it had struck a deal with the nation's largest telecommunications provider, Telstra, to gradually acquire Telstra's copper fixed-line network for a total cost of A$11 billion.[194] The government was able to effectively re-negotiate the former government's NBN deal with Telstra, at no additional cost to taxpayers.
Media relations[edit]
- Fairfax Press and Abbott Government
On 1 September 2015, Immigration Minister Peter Dutton said Fairfax Media were conducting 'a bit of a jihad' against the Government, and that there was a 'huge move by Fairfax at the moment to try and bring the Government down...[and Fairfax is] being helped by the ABC'.[195]
In May 2015, Fairfax political correspondent Peter Hartcher had made allegations against Tony Abbott, claiming falsely that he had snubbed the gay partner of an ambassador in Paris. Parliamentary Secretary Alan Tudge described the front-page article as a 'disgraceful smear'.[196]
In July 2015, a court found that the Fairfax Press had defamed Treasurer Joe Hockey, and found Darren Goodsir, the Sydney Morning Herald's editor in chief, was 'motivated by malice' in the matter.[197]
In August 2015, the ABC Media Watch programme reported that a front-page of The Age newspaper 'ripped into the recent war record of former SAS captain Andrew Hastie, Liberal candidate in the 2015 Canning by-election, which could be crucial to Tony Abbott's future' and found the coverage to be 'both unfair and misleading', and likened it to the Hockey defamation case.[198] In a 29 August article, Peter Hartcher incorrectly asserted that Tony Abbott was involved in the decision to launch a planned Border Force operation in Melbourne.[199]
- ABC & Abbott Government
In a Treasurer's debate prior to the 2013 Election, Hockey told the Q&A programme spending on the ABC would be subject to review.[200] On the eve of the Election, Abbott told SBS Television 'No cuts to... the ABC or SBS.'[201] In November 2014, Communications Minister Turnbull said that the ABC and SBS, as public broadcasters, should not be exempt from spending cuts that applied to almost all government departments, and the ABC would receive a cut of 4.6 per cent cut over five years.[202]
In early 2015, an internal ABC review of its coverage of the first Hockey Budget criticised the post-budget interview by the flagship current affairs shows 7:30 and Lateline, finding that a 7:30 interview by Sarah Ferguson showed how 'perceptions of bias could be inflamed unnecessarily' and that Ferguson did not appear to show the Treasurer enough respect. It found that Lateline host Emma Alberici could have given the impression of bias by asking a Coalition MP: 'Do you think voters are really stupid and can't recognise a lie when they see one?'[203]
In June 2015, Abbott initiated a brief ministerial boycott of the Q&A programme, after it arranged for Zaky Mallah to ask a question of a Government minister, from its live studio audience.[204] Mallah had been jailed for threatening federal government officials, and had posted violent comments about conservative female journalists on Twitter. On-air, Mallah said 'The Liberals now have just justified to many Australian Muslims in the community tonight to leave and go to Syria and join ISIL'.[205] Turnbull criticised Abbott's boycott, telling 7.30: 'I take the view that wherever there is an open microphone I'm happy to get on the other side of it.'[206] The ABC found that there had been an 'error of judgement', but repeated the programme later in the week, prompting Abbott to say that 'heads should roll' over the affair.[207]
The hosts of the ABC's political programs spoke in favour of Abbott's demise. Kerry O'Brien and Barrie Cassidy, hosts respectively of the ABC's flagship weekly current affairs programs Four Corners and Insiders, welcomed the replacement of Abbott by Turnbull.[208][209] as did ABC radio commentators Fran Kelly[210]Paul Bongiorno[211] and Amanda Vanstone.[212] Fairfax and News Limited reported that Leigh Sales, the host of 7.30 gave Turnbull an unusually warm first interview following his toppling of Abbott.[213][214]
- 2GB radio
Conservative 2GB radio commentators Alan Jones, Ray Hadley and Andrew Bolt criticised Turnbull's challenge to Abbott. In the 7 months following his taking of the Liberal leadership, Turnbull conducted 17 interviews at the ABC, and boycotted 2GB Radio.[215]
Environment[edit]
Greg Hunt was appointed Minister for the Environment.[22] Hunt, a former Fulbright scholar, and human rights and development activist with the United Nations, had held the Shadow portfolio under successive Liberal leaders.[216] The portfolio of Climate Change was abolished. The Abbott–led Opposition campaigned on a promise of replacing the Rudd-Gillard Government's carbon pricing system with a 'direct action against climate change' policy. In July 2014, the Abbott Government followed through with this commitment, becoming the first developed nation to repeal a carbon price and foregoing government revenue of $24 billion from polluters through to 2020.[217] Prior to becoming Opposition Leader, Abbott initially supported proposals by Liberal leaders Howard and Turnbull to introduce floating prices to reduce carbon emissions, but also expressed some doubts as to the science and economics underlying such initiatives. On the eve of the 2013 election, Abbott stated during an interview on the ABC TVInsiders that:[218]
...I think that climate change is real, humanity makes a contribution. It's important to take strong and effective action against it, and that is what our direct action policy does... The important thing is to take strong and effective action to tackle climate change, action that doesn't damage our economy. And that is why the incentive-based system that we've got, the direct action policies, which are quite similar to those that president Obama has put into practice, is – that's the smart way to deal with this, a big tax is a dumb way to deal with it.
— Tony Abbott on the ABC TVInsiders prior to 2013 election.
On 19 September, Hunt abolished the advisory Climate Commission, stating that this move formed 'part of the Coalition's plans to streamline government processes and avoid duplication of services' and that the Department of the Environment would take on its role.[219] Hunt has also stated that the government will abolish the Climate Change Authority and Clean Energy Finance Corporation.[220] In October Abbott and Hunt disputed statements from Christiana Figueres, the head of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, that the 2013 New South Wales bushfires were probably linked to climate change and that the government's Direct Action policy would be harmful, with Abbott stating that Figueres was 'talking through her hat'.[221]
In November 2013, the Abbott government made a decision not to send a ministerial delegate to the 2013 Warsaw climate summit.[222] Days later the Abbott government abandoned its longstanding policy to cut emissions by between 5% and 25% of 2000 levels by 2020, stating that the Coalition would only commit to a 5% emissions reduction target.[223]
In December 2013 Environment Minister Greg Hunt controversially approved the dumping of three million cubic metres of dredge spoil in the Great Barrier Marine Park.[224] In the same month the Abbott government defunded Environment Defenders Offices across Australia.[225] In January 2014, Environment Minister Greg Hunt cleared the way for a controversial shark cull in Western Australia by exempting it from federal legislation designed to protect threatened species,[226] while Tony Abbott announced plans to again study the supposed health impacts of wind farms, before the public release of a survey of scientific literature on the issue.[227]
The 2014 Budget proposed to scrap the Australian Renewable Energy Agency which the Coalition repeatedly promised to retain in the lead up to the 2013 Federal Election, dumped the election promise for Million Solar Roofs, cut $484 million from Landcare and the Caring for Our Country programs, provided $1.5 billion for the East-West Link freeway and axed the National Water Commission.[228]
Following on from its decision to fund the Environment Defenders Office, in June 2014 the federal Liberal Party unanimously endorsed a proposal to strip charity status from environmental groups including the Wilderness Society, the Australian Conservation Foundation and the Bob Brown Foundation.[229] The same month the Abbott government lost a bid to have part of Tasmania's World Heritage forest de-listed from UNESCO's World Heritage programme, after declaring Australia had too much 'locked up' forest and that loggers were the 'ultimate conservationists'.[230]
'We have quite enough national parks. We have quite enough locked up forests already. In fact, in an important respect, we have too much locked up forest.
— Tony Abbott at timber industry dinner on 4 March 2014.
Legislation to implement the Emissions Reduction Fund came into effect on 13 December 2014
In 2015, the Abbott government:
- Attempted to bring climate contrarian Bjorn Lomborg to the University of Western Australia with a $4 million grant [231]
- Moved to prevent the $10 billion Clean Energy Finance Corporation from backing wind energy and household solar projects.[232]
- Cut the Howard government's Renewable Energy Target and included a provision to include native wood waste as a renewable fuel source[233]
I do take your point about the potential health impact of these things...when I've been up close to these windfarms not only are they visually awful but they make a lot of noise...What we did recently in the Senate was to reduce, Alan, capital R-E-D-U-C-E, the number of these things that we are going to get in the future...I frankly would have liked to have reduced the number a lot more but we got the best deal we could out of the Senate and if we hadn't had a deal, Alan, we would have been stuck with even more of these things...What we are managing to do through this admittedly imperfect deal with the Senate is to reduce the growth rate of this particular sector as much as the current Senate would allow us to do.
— Tony Abbott on the Alan Jones radio show, 10 June 2015.
Documents obtained with a Freedom of Information request show that the Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet proposed an investigation into the Bureau of Meteorology to address claims in The Australian that the BoM was exaggerating global warming. Environment Minister Greg Hunt argued against the investigation, instead setting up a review forum which found that the Bureau of Meteorology data were accurate.[234]
Health[edit]
Sussan Ley took over as Minister for Health from Peter Dutton in December 2014
Following the election of the Abbott Government, Peter Dutton became Minister for Health and Sport, the latter portfolio being elevated to Cabinet for the first time.[22] In December 2014, Sussan Ley took over as Minister for Health and Sport. The Abbott Government was elected in the early stages of implementation of the National Disability Insurance Scheme, which had been introduced by Julia Gillard, and for which the Coalition had offered bi-partisan support. The Government proposed the introduction of a $7 co-payment for GP visits to permanently augment funding of Medicare and establish a medical research fund to work towards curing cancer and dementia. The funding proposal failed to pass the Senate, but the Medical Research Future Fund was established in 2015.
In its first term, the Abbott Government ceased a $5 million annual grant to the Australian Red Cross established under the Howard Government.[235]
When Scott Morrison became Social Services Minister, he proposed a crackdown on Disability Support Pensions to fund the National Disability Insurance Scheme.[236]
61 Medicare Locals were replaced with 31 Primary Health Networks.[237]
The 2014 Budget reduced the Commonwealth's share of hospital funding by A$15 billion by 2024, with the majority of the cuts beginning in 2017, despite a pre-election commitment of no cuts to health.[238]
The Government raised $5.68 billion selling shares of Medibank Private.[2]
Co-payment and Medical Research Future Fund[edit]
In his 2014 Budget Speech, Joe Hockey announced a commitment to build the $20 billion Medical Research Future Fund, in addition to existing funding through the National Health and Medical Research Council. Hockey predicted that the fund would, 'within six years, be the biggest medical research endowment fund in the world' and announced that 'all the savings from the introduction of a $7 Medicare co-contribution, modest changes to the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme and other responsible changes in this Health Budget' would be directed to the fund until it reaches $20 billion.[178]
The $7 co-payment was to be for general practitioner (GP) visits and clinical pathology. Proceeds from the co-payment were to go towards a medical research fund. Since the announcement there has been a collapse in private medical research donations for medical research.[239] It later emerged that the government had failed to model the impacts of the new GP fee including the impacts on hospital emergency room waiting times and medical research.[240]
The Senate blocked passage of the medical co-payment, but approved the establishment of the Medical Research Future Fund in August 2015, with funding to be found through reduced health spending and the Health and Hospitals Fund, until a balance of $20bn is reached in 2020. The Fund is managed by the Future Fund, with interest generated going to medical research, beginning with $10 million in 2015, growing to $390m over the following three years.[186]
Vaccination campaign[edit]
In April 2015, the Government announced the 'no-jab, no pay' welfare reform to improve vaccination rates among minors for preventable diseases.[241] The Abbott government initiative, which denies childcare rebate and family tax benefit A to parents who refuse to vaccinate their children resulted in 'conscientious objector' numbers falling from 39,523 in December 2014 to 30,092 in December 2015, ahead of the commencement of the law.[242]
Education[edit]
Christopher Pyne was appointed as Minister for Education.[22] He assumed the education portfolio during the early stages of implementation of the school funding reforms inspired by the Gonski review, and introduced by the Gillard-Rudd Governments, for which the Abbott led Opposition had pledged to match the Labor government's proposed funding for the next four years in August 2013 after initially opposing the measures.[243] On 24 November 2013 Pyne announced that the Government was reviewing all aspects of the Gonski funding agreements on the grounds that they were 'a shambles and quite unimplementable', and inferior to the model in place under the Howard Government.[244] Following protests from the state governments that had signed funding agreements, Abbott announced on 2 December that the government would still provide the funding that the Labor government had committed to over a four-year period, but the states would no longer be required to raise their funding or make other reforms, on the grounds that the government did not want to 'try to run public schools out of Canberra'.[245]
In the 2014 budget, the Abbott government set aside $245 million for religious chaplains in schools. Secular schools were stripped of the option of hiring a secular equivalent, as they had been allowed to do under previous funding arrangements.[246] Furthermore, taxpayers would subsidise the training of priests and other religious workers at private colleges for the first time under the Abbott government's proposed higher education reforms.[247] In 2014 it was announced that religious teaching, training and vocational institutes would be eligible for a share of $820 million in new Commonwealth funding over three years.
New Colombo Plan[edit]
The New Colombo Plan was launched as a signature initiative of the Abbott government's foreign policy, and was aimed at enhancing the knowledge of the Indo-Pacific in Australia, by supporting Australian undergraduates studying and undertaking internships in the region.[248] In 2014, the pilot scheme supported 40 scholars and more than 1300 mobility students to study and undertake work placements. In 2015 the Scheme expanded further across the Indo-Pacific, awarding 69 scholarships and supporting more than 3,100 mobility students. The scheme was continued by the Turnbull Government.[249]
University and TAFE deregulation[edit]
The Abbott government proposed in the 2014 budget the deregulation of universities and TAFEs. Furthermore, the amount of public funding for university courses will be reduced by 20% and expose students to big increases in their student debts with the removal of all caps on the fees universities can charge. Student debts will be compounded at the 10-year bond rate with a cap at 6% (it has historically been typically above 6%) instead of the consumer price index.[250] Total government higher education funding is projected to be $9.5 billion by 2017–18. While this is a nominal increase of $750 million compared with 2012–13, analysis by The Guardian Australia shows it represents a cut of about $1.5 billion in real terms when population growth and inflation are taken into account.[250] The government then claimed that removing the upper limit on university fees will cause fees to decrease.[251] This contradicts the designer of the HECS system, Bruce Chapman, who has warned student debts will triple.[252]
Freedom of information[edit]
The government moved to abolish the role of Freedom of Information Commissioner, abolish the Office of the Australian Information Commissioner and charge $800 for reviews of 'freedom of information' request denials.[253]
2015 Abbott leadership loss[edit]
Leaks against Abbott[edit]
The Abbott government was afflicted by leaks publicising policy divisions over national security and social policy.[254] In 2014, leaked discussions about the Malaysian Airlines flight MH17 disaster in Ukraine had claimed Abbott wanted to send 1000 Australian soldiers to secure the site, but cabinet colleagues, including Foreign Minister Bishop talked him out of it.[255] In January, a leak claimed Abbott ignored the advice of Treasurer Hockey and Health Minister Dutton to cut the Medicare rebate by $20, and in February a leak from the expenditure review committee claimed Abbott and his Chief of Staff were at odds with Ministers over the 'earn or learn' welfare reform.[256]
First leadership challenge[edit]
In February 2015, Liberal MPs Don Randall and Luke Simpkins called a February 2015 spill motion to spill the leadership positions of the party, though with no contender. Abbott won the vote 61 to 39.[257][258][259]
The ABC reported that in the lead up to the motion, the Abbott Government had been facing 'leaks and growing media criticism', when Abbott earned the 'ire of his colleagues and the derision of many Australians by appointing Prince Philip, the Duke of Edinburgh, as a Knight of the Order of Australia', and that the defeat of the Liberal National Party government of Campbell Newman had also disheartened the Coalition.[7] On 5 February, Fairfax had reported that leadership speculation was at 'fever pitch' after backbench Senator Arthur Sinodinos questioned Abbott's judgement on Sky News and refused to confirm if the Prime Minister would still hold his job in a week's time.[260] The following day, the ABC's 7.30 reported that 'The tensions between the Prime Minister and the colleagues campaigning to oust him are heading to a showdown.'[261]
In the months after the failed spill motion, leaking and backgrounding against Abbott continued, but polling for the Coalition initially improved.[262][263] Following the Second Hockey Budget in May 2015, Newspoll placed Abbott's approval rating at an eight-month high, and in front of Bill Shorten as better prime minister for the first time in six months.[264]
Further leaks[edit]
- National security leaks
In February 2015, Abbott was hit by leaks criticising his interventions to attempt to save Myuran Sukumaran and Andrew Chan from the death penalty in Indonesia, and claiming that he had come up with a plan to 'unilaterally invade Iraq' with a force of more than 3000 Australian troops to take on Islamic State forces.[265] Abbott and Civil and military chiefs said the report was wrong.[266][267] Fairfax reported that the leak 'confirmed there are still people very close to Mr Abbott willing to leak information against him following this month's defeated leadership spill.'[268]
In May 2015, Fairfax correspondent Peter Hartcher published lengthy transcripts breaching Cabinet confidentiality purporting to recount Cabinet discussions on cancelling citizenship for dual nationals suspected of supporting terrorism. Hartcher wrote: 'As a member of the Abbott cabinet, Malcolm Turnbull is obliged to keep any criticisms of the government's performance to himself. Unless, of course, it's in the confidentiality of the cabinet room itself', before quoting Turnbull and other Ministers at length in their criticisms of a national security policy proposal.[269]
- Cabinet cohesion
Following the citizenship leak, a leak emerged that Abbott had warned his cabinet against leaks.[270][271] Julie Bishop[272] and Malcolm Turnbull[273] denied being the source of the leaks, and Joe Hockey was not in the room.[274] Later, an internal four-page briefing document from the Prime Minister's office was leaked, revealing a strategy to attack the opposition as indecisive over anti-terror legislation. Bret Walker suggested the proposed changes would be unconstitutional.[275]
In August, 'talking points' briefing papers from the PMO advising Ministers to tell the media that 'our cabinet is functioning exceptionally well,' were leaked to Fairfax.[276][277] The Herald reported: 'Thursday's breach of confidentiality is the latest in a rolling series of leaks that have hit the government this week, including Monday night's threadbare cabinet agenda to the Seven Network and the Guardian Australia, details of Tuesday's party room meeting and Wednesday's morning note'[277]
Second leadership challenge[edit]
Successful Liberal leadership challenger Malcolm Turnbull defeated the incumbent with 54 votes to 44.
On 14 September 2015, Turnbull announced that he would be challenging Abbott.[278] Turnbull cited Newspoll results and a need for a new style of 'economic leadership' as reasons for mounting his challenge: 'We have lost 30 Newspolls in a row. It is clear that the people have made up their mind about Mr Abbott's leadership,' he said.[8] In response, Abbott said that he was 'dismayed by the destabilisation that's been taking place now for many, many months' and that Australia needed 'strong and stable Government and that means avoiding, at all costs, Labor's revolving-door prime ministership.'[279] A September 2015 leadership spill was called, with Turnbull challenging Abbott, and winning by 54 votes to 44, and Abbott supporter Kevin Andrews challenging Julie Bishop and losing 70–30.[280]
Aftermath[edit]
Turnbull dropped Abbott, Hockey, Eric Abetz, Ian Macfarlane, Kevin Andrews, Michael Ronaldson and Bruce Billson from his ministry, but increased the number of cabinet ministers from 19 to 21.[281] Abbott returned to the backbench, while Julie Bishop remained Deputy Liberal leader and Foreign Minister in the Turnbull Government.[282] Scott Morrison became Turnbull's Treasurer, and Immigration Minister Dutton, an Abbott supporter, retained his post.[283]
Polling was initially favourable to Turnbull following the leadership change,[284][285] but the Coalition faced internal tensions as a result of the change. In a final address to the media as Prime Minister, Abbott expressed pride in the record of his government, but warned against a 'poll-driven' political culture and unnamed media figures and politicians who would 'connive at dishonour' by spreading anonymous, self-serving claims: 'A febrile media culture has developed that rewards treachery' he said.[286] In early December 2015, Abbott said he would not make a decision on his political future until April 2016.[287]
Immigration Minister Dutton was excluded from the National Security Committee of Cabinet, reportedly over tensions between himself and Turnbull.[283] In November, Fairfax reported: 'Simmering tensions over the September leadership coup have flared up amid revelations Julie Bishop's chief of staff attended the meeting of Liberal MPs plotting against Tony Abbott on the night before the spill' as Abetz and Dutton called on Bishop to explain.[288]
Former ministers Abetz and Andrews expressed some discontent at government direction, while Bruce Billson announced his retirement and Ian McFarlane – with the support of Deputy Prime Minister Warren Truss – attempted to switch to the National Party, but the move was blocked by the Liberals.[289] Hockey's seat of North Sydney went to a by-election, which saw a 12.84% swing against the Liberal Party.[290][291]
From the back bench, Abbott continued his commentary on the record of his government and on world affairs, particularly in relation to national security and the challenge posed by Islamist terrorism. Media critics accused Abbott of 'sniping'.[284][292][293][294] Amid the deteriorating Syrian Civil War and following Germany's decision to open its borders to large numbers of asylum seekers, Abbott delivered the Margaret Thatcher Lecture in London on 28 October, and urged Europe to look to the Australian example of border management, and for the international community to do more to resolve the Syrian conflict.[295] Turnbull did not endorse Abbott's view.[296][297] Following the subsequent November 2015 Paris attacks by IS sympathisers, Turnbull said a political solution, not a military invasion was needed for Syria.[298]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^'Abbott government sworn in'. news.com.au. 18 September 2013. Retrieved 18 September 2013.
- ^ abcdFoley, Brett; Sedgman, Phoebe. 'Australia Raises A$5.7 Billion as Abbott Sells Medibank IPO'. Bloomberg.
- ^Promise check: Abolish the carbon tax, ABC Fact checker
- ^Promise Check: Abolish the Mining Tax; ABC Fact Checker
- ^'Promise check: We will stop the boats'. ABC News: Fact Checker. Australia. 27 July 2014.
- ^ abc'Australia confirms air strikes in Syria, announces additional 12,000 refugee places'. ABC News. Australia. 9 September 2015. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
- ^ ab'Liberal leadership spill: as it happened'. ABC News. Australia. 9 February 2015. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
- ^ ab'Liberal leadership: Malcolm Turnbull's press conference announcing challenge to Tony Abbott'. ABC News. Australia. 15 September 2015.
- ^'Labor to form government'. The Sydney Morning Herald. 7 September 2010.
- ^ ab'Tony Abbott promises a new engagement with Indigenous Australians'. Lateline (ABC TV). 15 March 2013.
- ^'Act of Recognition Passes in House of Representatives'. AustralianPolitics.com. 13 February 2013.
- ^'Tony Abbott promises 'modest' savings before final costings release'. 7.30 (ABC TV). 2 September 2013.
- ^ ab'Virtual Tally Room'. Australian Electoral Commission. Archived from the original on 15 January 2016. Retrieved 10 October 2013.
- ^'Glenn Lazarus quits Palmer United Party'. ABC News. Australia. 13 March 2015.
- ^'Greens eyeball Abbott on carbon'. The New Zealand Herald. 5 September 2013.
- ^'A minor miner'. Insiders (ABC TV). 6 October 2013.
- ^Aston, Heath; Johnson, Chris (27 September 2013). 'Milne survives push to axe her as Greens leader'. The Sydney Morning Herald.
- ^Spagnolo, Joe (18 February 2014). 'Palmer confident of two more senators after Judge declares WA poll void'. Perth Now. AAP.
- ^'WA Premier admits it's not clear how to proceed with a Senate re-election'. ABC News. Australia. 20 February 2014. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
- ^'Abbott unveils 'cohesive, effective' new cabinet'. Australian Financial Review.
- ^Taylor, Lenore (16 September 2013). 'Tony Abbott unveils experienced, male-dominated cabinet'. The Guardian.
- ^ abcdeIreland, Judith (15 February 2012). 'Tony Abbott names his new ministry'. The Sydney Morning Herald.
- ^'New PM Tony Abbott sacks three public service bosses as first act'. ABC News. Australia. 18 September 2013.
- ^'Abbott's new style slows pace of Australia politics'. The West Australian. Yahoo! News. 13 September 2013. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 30 September 2013.
- ^ ab'Tony Abbott has not included a science minister in new Cabinet'. News.com.au. 17 September 2013. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
- ^ abPhillips, Nicky; Smith, Bridie (19 September 2013). 'Science takes a back seat after 50 years'. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
- ^ ab'Cabinet Reshuffle'. ABC News. Australia. 21 December 2014.
- ^Taylor, Lenore (2 June 2013). 'Ten things to know about foreign policy under Julie Bishop and Tony Abbott'. The Guardian.
- ^'Tony Abbott arrives in Jakarta for talks with Indonesian president Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono'. ABC News. Australia. 30 September 2013.
- ^Griffiths, Emma; Jennett, Greg (9 October 2013). 'Tony Abbott pays respects at Bali bombing memorial, commits to victim compensation'. Radio Australia.
- ^Woodley, Naomi (9 October 2013). 'Tony Abbott switches focus to regional security at East Asia Summit in Brunei'. ABC Radio Australia.
- ^'Defiant Russia Grants Snowden Year's Asylum'. The New York Times. 1 August 2013.
- ^Bodkin, Peter (2 December 2013). 'Tony Abbott criticises ABC for 'advertising' Indonesian spying story'. The Daily Telegraph. Australia. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
- ^Corcoran, Mark (18 November 2013). 'Decision to tap Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono's phone came in wake of Jakarta bombings that killed Australians'. Australia: ABC News.
- ^'Australia PM Abbott aims to end Indonesia spying row'. BBC News. 27 November 2013.
- ^'Julie Bishop blames Russia over MH17 at UN Security Council'. The Australian. 20 September 2014.
- ^'Bishop receives rare Dutch distinction'. The Australian. 5 September 2014.
- ^Hurst, Daniel (12 November 2014). 'Tony Abbott tells Vladimir Putin to consider apology and compensation for MH17'. The Guardian.
- ^Kenny, Mark (8 April 2014). 'Tony Abbott in China shows skills beyond his years'. The Sydney Morning Herald (Opinion). Archived from the original on 15 May 2014. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
- ^Malcolm Turnbull embarks on five-nation tour, meeting 20 world leaders; Australian Broadcasting Corporation; 13 November 2015
- ^Trade deal with India on track: minister; sbs.com.au; 29 October 2015
- ^Carnley, Matthew (7 April 2014). 'Tony Abbott in Japan: PM greeted with full pomp and ceremony in Tokyo'. Australia: ABC News. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
- ^'Australia strikes free trade deal with Japan, beef and horticultural industries secure major concessions'. Australia: ABC News. 8 April 2014.
- ^Bourke, Latika (8 July 2014). 'Japan's prime minister Shinzo Abe addresses Federal Parliament, signs free trade deal with Australia'. Australia: ABC News. Archived from the original on 1 February 2016.
- ^'Australia signs free trade agreement with South Korea in Seoul'. Australia: ABC News. 8 April 2014.
- ^'Tony Abbott meets Chinese PresidentXi Jinping'. Australia: ABC News. 11 April 2014.
- ^'Chinese troops could train in Australia'. The Sydney Morning Herald. 12 April 2014.
- ^'China-Australia Free Trade Agreement (ChAFTA)'. Austrade. 17 June 2015. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
- ^ ab'Australia and China sign 'history making' free trade agreement after a decade of negotiations'. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 17 June 2015. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
- ^'China FTA: Labor agrees to support free trade deal; says new agreement secures protections for workers'. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 21 October 2015. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
- ^Minister for Defence Budget 2015: Defence Budget OverviewArchived 17 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine; www.ministerdefence.gov.au; 12 May 2015
- ^'Tony Abbott's cabinet and outer ministry'. The Sydney Morning Herald. Australian Associated Press. 16 September 2013. Retrieved 16 September 2013.
- ^'Tony Abbott's new frontbench team sworn in'. 22 December 2014.
- ^'Under heavy security PM Tony Abbott visits Afghanistan and declares war over'. news.com.au.
- ^'Tony Abbott makes first visit to Afghanistan as Prime Minister'. Australia: ABC News. 29 October 2013.
- ^Crowe, David (13 June 2014). 'US to extend Darwin marine base as Tony Abbott meets Barack Obama to push G20 agenda'. The Australian.
- ^Anderson, Stephanie (8 July 2014). 'Economic and defence ties to be boosted by 'special relationship' with Japan'. SBS World News.
- ^'Australia to buy 58 more joint strike fighters'. Australia: ABC News. 23 April 2014.
- ^Kenny, Mark (9 December 2014). 'Abbott government forced into sub-mission after shock loss in South Australia'. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
- ^'Johnston 'wouldn't trust' Australian Submarine Corporation to build a canoe'. 25 November 2014.
- ^'Is Tony Abbott the hazard for Liberals in Fisher by-election?: The Advertiser 30 November 2014'. Adelaidenow.com.au. 30 November 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
- ^'By-election win for Labor gives Weatherill Government majority'. 13 December 2014.
- ^Garnaut, John (4 April 2014). 'China to take our orders in war games'. The Sydney Morning Herald.
- ^'Islamic State explained: Jihadist group fighting in Iraq, Syria – Australian Broadcasting Corporation'. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 12 June 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
- ^Hudson, Phillip. 'Cabinet approves Australian airstrikes in Iraq'. The Australian. Retrieved 3 October 2014.
- ^'As it happened: Australian warplanes to launch air strikes against Islamic State targets'. Australia: ABC News. 3 October 2014.
- ^Wroe, David; Cox, Lisa (3 October 2014). 'Tony Abbott commits Australian forces to Iraq'. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
- ^Opinion: Catherine McGregor says it's time to take the fight to ISIS; Catherine McGregor; The Courier-Mail; 5 April 2016
- ^Hurst, Daniel; Medhora, Shalailah (9 September 2015). 'Australia to accept an extra 12,000 Syrian refugees and will join US-led airstrikes | Australia news'. The Guardian. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
- ^'Transcript: Tony Abbott's controversial speech at the Margaret Thatcher Lecture'. The Sydney Morning Herald. 28 October 2015. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
- ^'Jemaah Islamiah alignment to Islamic State a potential threat: Abbott'. The Australian. 21 August 2014.
- ^'Australian terror alert level raised to high'. Australia: Sky News. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
- ^'Sydney siege: how a day and night of terror unfolded at the Lindt cafe | Australia news'. The Guardian. 20 December 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
- ^Silvester, John (24 September 2014). 'Melbourne terror shooting: Numan Haider 'planned to behead Victoria Police officers, drape bodies in IS flag''. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
- ^Doherty, Ben (8 January 2015). 'Tony Abbott condemns 'barbaric' Charlie Hebdo attack in Paris'. The Guardian. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
- ^'Tony Abbott says Daesh death cult is coming after us'. News.com.au. Australian Associated Press. 27 June 2015.
- ^Farr, Malcolm (8 July 2015). 'Turnbull risks wrath of Prime Minister with call for calm over Islamic State'. News.com.au.
- ^Lewis, Rosie (8 July 2015). 'Malcolm Turnbull: don't vilify terror law critics'. The Australian.(subscription required)
- ^'Aussie PM praises Najib's leadership in fighting Isis'. The Malaysian Insider. 11 June 2015. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
- ^'Abbott: Islam needs 'reformation''.
- ^'Abbott backed to toughen terror laws'. NewsComAu.
- ^'Indigenous Affairs a Single Portfolio under Abbott'. SBS World News. 16 September 2013.
- ^'Find a Senate Member: Senator the Hon Nigel Scullion'. Q&A (ABC TV). 2014. Archived from the original on 26 January 2015. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
- ^'Warren Truss re-elected as Nationals leader'. Australia: ABC News. 3 September 2013.
- ^'Forrest to review Indigenous employment training programs'. NITV News. 8 October 2013. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
- ^'Indigenous Jobs and Training Review'. www.pmc.gov.au. 23 March 2016. Archived from the original on 1 November 2017. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
- ^Moran, Mark; Go-Sam, Carroll (15 November 2015). 'Healthy Welfare Card begins here ... where next?'. The Conversation. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
- ^Griffiths, Emma (12 February 2014). 'Closing the Gap: Tony Abbott delivers mixed report card on Indigenous disadvantage'. Australia: ABC News. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
- ^'Tony Abbott dreams of an indigenous PM'. The Australian. 13 November 2013.(subscription required)
- ^Michael Gordon (25 June 2015). 'Time to end the constitution's silence on Australia's first people: report'. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
- ^Indigenous referendum: Australians invited to join community conferences on recognition vote; Australian Broadcasting Corporation; 6 July 2015
- ^'PM's indigenous advisory council announced'. Ninemsn. 23 November 2013. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 23 November 2013.
- ^'Corporate big hitters Gail Kelly and David Peever recruited to Prime Minister's Indigenous Advisory Council'. Australia: ABC News. 23 November 2013.
- ^Gough, Deborah (10 August 2013). 'Tony Abbott pledges new indigenous advisory board headed by ex-ALP president Warren Mundine'. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 22 February 2014.
- ^Robinson, Natasha (18 May 2014). 'Warren Mundine ready to assume position of power under Tony Abbott'. The Australian. Retrieved 2 March 2014.(subscription required)
- ^Harrison, Dan (19 December 2013). 'Indigenous organisation to defy Tony Abbott funding cut'. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 22 February 2014.
- ^Harrison, Dan (21 February 2014). 'Lack of funding for First People's congress 'disappointing', says Tom Calma'. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 22 February 2014.
- ^Tony Abbott in Arnhem Land for talks with Aboriginal leaders; news.com.au; 14 September 2014
- ^Tony Abbott visits Eddie Mabo's grave on Murray Island; Australian Broadcasting Corporation; 24 August 2015
- ^Karvelas, Patricia (17 December 2013). 'Coalition scales back cuts to legal aid'. The Australian. Retrieved 22 February 2014.(subscription required)
- ^'Warren Mundine puts Indigenous council offside with suggestion of extra $600 million in savings to portfolio'. Australia: ABC News. 5 June 2014.
- ^'Abbott's Little White Lies: What Would Jesus Do?'. New Matilda. 18 June 2014.
- ^ abTony Abbott (25 August 2013). 'Tony Abbott's campaign launch speech: full transcript'. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
- ^'Liberal Treasurer Joe Hockey worries while Tony Abbott spends'. Herald Sun.
- ^'Panellist: Mathias Cormann'. Q&A (ABC TV).
- ^Colebatch, Tim (24 October 2009). 'Budget documents show $18.8 billion deficit in 2012/13'. The Sydney Morning Herald.
- ^ abCrowe, David (14 August 2014). 'Pass the budget to save jobs, says Joe Hockey'. The Australian.(subscription required)
- ^2015 INTERGENERATIONAL REPORT: Australia in 2055. Department of Treasury. 5 March 2015. ISBN978-1-925220-41-4. Archived from the original on 16 April 2015. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
- ^'Intergenerational Report predicts booming and ageing Australian population'. 7.30. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 5 March 2015.
- ^'Australians will work longer and could face taxes at record levels to balance the budget, an intergenerational report claims'. News.com.au. 5 March 2015.
- ^Gittins, Ross (6 March 2015). 'Joe Hockey turns intergenerational report into a propaganda weapon'. The Sydney Morning Herald.
- ^Costello, Peter (14 April 2015). 'Peter Costello blasts Prime Minister Tony Abbott over taxation: Says Coalition promise of fairer taxes is a 'morbid joke''. The Daily Telegraph.
- ^'Peter Costello slams Abbott tax plan as a 'morbid joke''. News.com.au. 14 April 2015.
- ^Griffiths, Emma (14 April 2015). 'Joe Hockey hits back at Peter Costello's 'morbid joke' tax criticism'. ABC News.
- ^National Commission of Audit – Terms of ReferenceArchived 24 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine; ncoa.gov.au
- ^National Commission of Audit – The CommissionersArchived 26 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine; ncoa.gov.au
- ^Tony Abbott accepts 'we have a savings challenge'; 7.30; Australian Broadcasting Corporation; 15 August 2013
- ^Abbott launches white paper to reduce federal-state balance of power; Mark Kenny; The Sydney Morning Herald; 28 June 2014
- ^Bourke, Latika (30 March 2015). 'Joe Hockey's Uber moment: Treasurer says the changing economy is affecting the tax collected'. The Sydney Morning Herald.
- ^https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2015/jul/20/tony-abbott-backs-mike-bairds-call-to-raise-gst-to-15
- ^http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-09-03/advocates-of-gst-hike-making-very-powerful-point-abbott-says/6746500
- ^Hutchens, Gareth. 'Abbott government rules out privatisation of Australia Post'. The Sydney Morning Herald.
- ^Hutchens, Gareth. 'Abbott government rules out privatisation of Australia Post'.
- ^ ab'$1.7b for rural Australia, govt to sell ASIC register'. 8 May 2015.
- ^Abbott, Tony (Prime Minister); Abetz, Eric (Minister for Employment); Brandis, George (Attorney-General) (10 February 2014). 'Royal Commission into trade union governance and corruption' (Press release). Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia. Archived from the original on 11 February 2014. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
- ^'Five unions named in royal commission'. SBS World News. SBS. Australian Associated Press. 10 February 2014. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
- ^'Union corruption report a watershed moment, Turnbull says'. 30 December 2015.
- ^ ab'Government unveils development vision for northern Australia'. 17 June 2015.
- ^http://agwhitepaper.agriculture.gov.au/about
- ^ ab'Agriculture White Paper revealed'. 4 July 2015.
- ^ abFederal budget 2014 – Full speech; The Sydney Morning Herald
- ^Budget 2014 represents 'genuinely solid start'; 7.30; 13 May 2015
- ^'Tony Abbott promises no cuts to education, health and other areas on the eve of the 2013 federal election'. ABC News.
- ^'Then and now: the Abbott government's broken promises'. The Sydney Morning Herald. 14 May 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
- ^'Australians think Federal Budget 2014 is the worst in a very, very long time, according to this graphic'. news.com.au. 19 May 2014. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
- ^'John Howard 'took a big hit in the polls too' after first budget? Er, no Mr Abbott'. The Sydney Morning Herald.
- ^Piotrowski, Daniel (19 May 2014). 'Australians think Federal Budget 2014 is the worst in a very, very long time, according to this graphic'. Herald Sun. News Ltd. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
- ^Uren, David (10 July 2014). 'Senate kills all savings in budget'. The Australian. Retrieved 6 July 2014.(subscription required)
- ^Budget 2014: Opposition Leader Bill Shorten says Labor will oppose around $13 billion worth of cuts; Australian Broadcasting Corporation
- ^Petrol tax: Labor strikes deal with Government to revive twice-yearly hike in fuel excise; Australian Broadcasting Corporation; 23 June 2015
- ^Cox, Lisa (17 July 2014). 'Carbon tax is gone: Repeal bills pass the Senate'. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
- ^'Mining tax abolition makes economy stronger, keeps money in pockets argues Tony Abbott – 02/09/2014'. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
- ^Allard, Tom (15 September 2015). 'A disastrous first budget began Tony Abbott's death spiral'. The Age. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
- ^May, Andrew (12 May 2015). 'Federal budget 2015: Treasurer Joe Hockey's budget speech in full'. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
- ^'Budget 2015: Joe Hockey delivers billions for small business, cracks down on welfare – Federal Budget 2015 – Australian Broadcasting Corporation'. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 12 May 2015. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
- ^Hurst, Daniel; Chan, Gabrielle (27 June 2014). 'Government plays down prospect of Commonwealth Bank royal commission'. The Guardian. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
- ^Taylor, Lenore (18 March 2014). 'Financial victims unite to fight plans to water down consumer protection'. The Guardian. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
- ^McGrath, Pat (20 June 2014). 'Super funds warn financial advice changes will see commissions return'. Australia: ABC News.
- ^Wilkins, Georgia; Yeates, Clancy (20 June 2014). 'Anger as Coalition waters down financial advice laws'. The Sydney Morning Herald.
- ^Tony Abbott announces adoption taskforce, backed by Furness, Jackman; The Australian, 19 December 2013.
- ^Wade, Matt; Lucas, Clay (20 August 2013). 'Abbott's $5.5b baby scheme 'may help close pay gap''. The Sydney Morning Herald.
- ^ abHurst, Daniel (13 December 2013). 'Tony Abbott under pressure for conscience vote on gay marriage'. The Guardian. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
- ^'Same-sex marriage law High Court challenge confirmed'. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 18 October 2013.
- ^'High Court rules against ACT same sex marriage laws'. Australia: ABC News. 12 December 2013.
- ^'Liberal MP Warren Entsch to lead way with cross-party bill on same-sex marriage'. news.com.au. 12 August 2015. Retrieved 2 November 2015.[permanent dead link]
- ^Press, Australian Associated (30 January 2016). 'Tony Abbott will back result of plebiscite on same-sex marriage'.
- ^Smith, Alexandra (26 October 2013). 'NSW bushfire victims denied compensation under new rules'. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
- ^ ab'Major parties avoid detailed immigration policy debate'. SBS World News. 3 September 2013.
- ^ abcdefgh'Promise check: We will stop the boats – Fact Check'. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 27 July 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
- ^'Australia asylum: Why is it controversial?'. BBC News. 5 December 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
- ^Hasham, Nicole (25 September 2015). 'Did Tony Abbott stop the boats? New analysis casts doubt on claims'. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 26 September 2015.
- ^'ALP conference votes for turnback policy'. Skynews.com.au. 26 July 2015. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
- ^Nicholson, Brendan (17 September 2013). 'Deputy chief of Army, Angus Campbell, handed leading border protection role'. The Australian. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
- ^'Migration and Maritime Powers Legislation Amendment (Resolving the Asylum Legacy Caseload) Bill 2014'. Parliament of Australia. 2014. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
- ^'Senate gives Scott Morrison unchecked control over asylum seekers' lives'. The Guardian. 5 December 2014.
- ^Farrell, Paul (14 January 2014). 'Scott Morrison to close four asylum seeker detention centres on mainland'. The Guardian. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
- ^Cullen, Simon (4 February 2014). 'Government claims five-year record in stopping asylum seekers from reaching Australia'. Australia: ABC News. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
- ^Bourke, Latika (20 February 2014). 'Navy breached Indonesian waters six times under Operation Sovereign Borders, review finds'. =ABC News. Australia. Retrieved 22 February 2014.
- ^Brown, Helen (20 February 2014). 'Indonesia calls for end to Australia's boat turn-back policy, says it led to Navy incursions'. Australia: ABC News. Retrieved 22 February 2014.
- ^Cochrane, Liam (29 May 2014). 'PNG police slam Australian report into riots at the Manus Island detention centre'. Australia: ABC News.
- ^Gordon, Michael (10 June 2014). 'Secret tape challenges Manus processing claim'. The Sydney Morning Herald.
- ^'Australia asylum: Why is it controversial? – BBC News'. BBC. 5 December 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
- ^Whyte, Sarah; Browne, Rachel (12 February 2015). 'Human Rights Commission should congratulate Scott Morrison: Tony Abbott responds to report on children in immigration detention'. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
- ^Laughland, Oliver (3 July 2014). 'Tony Abbott won't reveal fate of asylum boats but says Sri Lanka is 'at peace''. The Guardian.
- ^Doherty, Ben (7 July 2014). 'Tamils to be returned after Australia accuses Sri Lanka of torture'. The Sydney Morning Herald.
- ^Whyte, Sarah (27 November 2014). 'Tamils to be returned after Australia accuses Sri Lanka of torture'. The Age.
- ^'Abbott wants to be an 'infrastructure PM''. The Sydney Morning Herald. 12 August 2013.
- ^ abFederal budget 2014 – Full speech; Joe Hockey; The Sydney Morning Herald; 13 May 2014
- ^Federal budget 2015 – Full speech; Joe Hockey; The Sydney Morning Herald; 13 May 2014
- ^Saulwick, Jacob (20 September 2013). 'It's pedal to the metal with plans that matter to Abbott'. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
- ^Milman, Oliver (25 September 2013). 'Tony Abbott's roads plan will lead us nowhere, transport advocates claim'. The Guardian. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
- ^Carey, Adam; Gordon, Josh (4 April 2013). 'Abbott warns Victorian Libs: no money for urban rail'. The Age. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
- ^Coultan, Mark (19 September 2013). 'Tony Abbott launches $11bn WestConnex motorway'. The Australian. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
- ^Josh, Gordon (14 December 2015). 'Tony Abbott slammed for political timing of East West Link road cash'. The Age. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
- ^Cox, Lisa (15 April 2014). 'Tony Abbott confirms Badgerys Creek as site of second Sydney airport'. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
- ^ abMedical Research Future Fund finally gets Senate approval; The Australian; 13 August 2015
- ^Emma Rodgers, (14 September 2010), Abbott orders Turnbull to demolish NBN, ABC News. Retrieved 12 February 2017
- ^AAP, (14 September 2010), Turnbull back to 'demolish' NBN, Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 29 July 2010
- ^'The Coalition's plan for fast broadband and an affordable NBN'(PDF) (Press release). Liberal Party of Australia. 9 April 2013. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
- ^Swan, Jonathon (10 April 2013). 'Twitterati cry foul over 'fraudband''. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
- ^'Malcolm Turnbull outlines NBN review and supports IPCC credibility'. 7.30 (ABC TV). 24 September 2013.
- ^Hutchinson, Joshua (12 December 2013). 'Malcolm Turnbull dumps promises as NBN costs blow out by $29 billion'. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
- ^'Find Your Local MP: The Hon Malcolm Turnbull MP'. Q&A (ABC TV). 2014. Archived from the original on 26 January 2015. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
- ^'Federal Government strikes new deal with Telstra to deliver NBN'. Australia: ABC News. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
- ^Fairfax leading jihad to bring down Abbott Government, Immigration Minister Peter Dutton says; ABC; 1 September 2015
- ^Abbott had dinner with ambassador in Paris after ‘snub’; The Australian; 6 May 2015 (subscription required)
- ^Joe Hockey defamation lawsuit: Fairfax ordered to pay 15 per cent of legal fees; The Daily Telegraph; 22 July 2015
- ^Smear or scrutiny by The Age?; ABC, Media Watch Transcript, 31 August 2015
- ^Hot air fills the leadership vacuum In September; The Sydney Morning Herald, 29 August 2015
- ^The National Economic Debate; ABC; QandA Transcript, 19 August 2013
- ^Promise check: No cuts to the ABC; ABC Fact Check
- ^ABC funding to be cut by $254 million over five years, Communications Minister Malcolm Turnbull says; ABC; 20 November 2014
- ^Sarah Ferguson interview with Joe Hockey 'breached ABC bias guidelines': review; The Sydney Morning Herald; 17 February 2015
- ^Q&A fallout: Tony Abbott orders frontbench ministers to boycott ABC show; The Sydney Morning Herald; 6 July 2015
- ^Terror, Poverty & Native Titles; ABC; QandA Transcript 22 June 2015
- ^Q&A boycott: Malcolm Turnbull refuses to back Tony Abbott; The Sydney Morning Herald; 14 July 2016
- ^'Heads should roll' at ABC over Q and A rerunArchived 26 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine; Sky News; 25 June 2015
- ^Quinn, Karl (8 November 2015). 'Kerry O'Brien stepping down as host of ABC-TV's Four Corners'. The Sydney Morning Herald.
- ^'Turnbull's rise: There's rage in Canberra, but outside it's a different story'. 17 September 2015.
- ^'Insiders – 15/11/2015: Insiders Sunday November 15 Full Program – Insiders – ABC'.
- ^RN Breakfast with Fran Kelly, ABC Radio National, 8 March 2016
- ^Counterpoint, ABC Radio National, 18 April 2016
- ^Aubusson, Kate (21 September 2015). 'Leigh Sales criticised for soft-touch interview with Malcolm Turnbull'. The Sydney Morning Herald.
- ^'softly softly as leigh sales uses kid gloves on malcolm turnbull'.
- ^PM MIA on 2GB; Media Watch; ABC; 10 April 2016
- ^'Find Your Local MP: The Hon Greg Hunt MP'. Q&A (ABC TV). 2014. Archived from the original on 26 January 2015. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
- ^'Australia Becomes First Developed Nation to Repeal Carbon Tax'. The Wall Street Journal. 17 July 2014.
- ^'Tony Abbott joins Insiders'(transcript). Insiders (ABC TV). 1 September 2013.
- ^Griffiths, Emma (20 September 2013). 'Tim Flannery defends Climate Commission after Government scrapping'. Australia: ABC News. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
- ^Lexi, Metherell (18 September 2013). 'Greg Hunt labels Clean Energy Finance Corporation a 'green hedge fund', says it will be shut down'. Australia: ABC News. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
- ^Milman, Oliver (25 October 2013). 'A week is a long time in Australian climate change politics'. The Guardian. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
- ^Arup, Tom (7 November 2013). 'Coalition turns back on UN climate summit'. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
- ^Taylor, Lenore (12 November 2013). 'Abbott government abandons emissions reduction target range'. The Guardian Australia. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
- ^'Abbot Point coal terminal reef dredging project approved'. Brisbane Times. Australian Associated Press. 10 December 2013. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
- ^'Environment Victoria condemns Abbott Government attacks on the environment's legal team'. Environment Victoria. 18 December 2013. Archived from the original on 22 July 2015. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
- ^Milman, Oliver (21 January 2014). 'Shark cull: Greg Hunt exempts WA from laws protecting species at risk'. The Guardian. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
- ^Hannam, Peter (27 January 2014). 'Government to seek independent review of the health impact of wind farms despite earlier findings'. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
- ^'Federal Budget takes the axe to climate and environment protection and Coalition's environment credentials'. Environment Victoria. 13 May 2014. Archived from the original on 22 July 2015. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
- ^'Liberal MP moves to strip charity status from some environmental groups'. ABC. 30 June 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
- ^Darby, Andrew (24 June 2014). 'UNESCO rejects 'feeble' Abbott government bid to wind back protection of Tasmanian forests'. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
- ^Cox, Lisa (23 April 2015). 'Bjorn Lomborg centre: leaked documents cast doubt on Abbott government claims'. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
- ^Hasham, Nicole (14 July 2015). ''Wild and wacky': government changes tune on Clean Energy Finance Corporation'. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
- ^'Renewable Energy Target: Legislation to cut RET passes Federal Parliament'. ABC. 23 June 2015. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
- ^'Tony Abbott's department discussed investigation into Bureau of Meteorology over global warming exaggeration claims, FOI documents reveal – Australian Broadcasting Corporation'. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
- ^Harrison, Dan (11 June 2014). 'Abbott government cuts Red Cross $5 million grant'. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
- ^Milman, Oliver (24 December 2014). 'NDIS: Morrison says welfare clampdown needed to fund disability scheme'. The Guardian. Retrieved 7 April 2019.
- ^Health, Ley, Sussan. Minister for. 'New Primary Health Networks to deliver better local care'. www.health.gov.au. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
- ^Corderoy, Amy; Harrison, Dan (13 May 2014). 'Federal budget 2014: Commonwealth to slash share of hospital funding'. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
- ^'$7 GP co-payment plan sparks fall in donations to medical research'. news.com.au. 19 June 2014. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
- ^'Good thing the adults are back in charge'. SBS World News. 6 June 2014. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
- ^Australia to stop welfare cash of anti-vaccine parents; BBC News; 12 April 2015
- ^Claire Harvey: Saving babies is one legacy of Tony Abbott that nobody can jab at; Claire Harvey; The Daily Telegraph; 20 March 2016
- ^'Tony Abbott says Coalition will honour Gonski school funding plan for four years'. Australia: ABC News. 2 August 2013.
- ^Wilson, Lauren (25 November 2013). 'Back to drawing board for Gonski, says Christopher Pyne'. The Australian. Retrieved 22 February 2014.
- ^'Impossible to guarantee no school will be worse off under Coalition funding arrangements'. Australia: ABC News. 8 December 2013. Retrieved 22 February 2014.
- ^Knott, Matthew (18 June 2014). 'Anti-gay chaplains driving children to self-harm, says outgoing Labor Senator Louise Pratt'. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
- ^Knott, Matthew (5 December 2014). 'Abbott government cuts university support; funds priests' training'. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
- ^Tony Abbott launches 'New Colombo Plan' for Australian students to study in India; The Economic Times; 4 September 2014
- ^About the New Colombo Plan; dfat.gov.au This content is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia license.
- ^ abHurst, Daniel (13 May 2014). 'Budget: university students to pay more with removal of caps on fees'. The Guardian.
- ^'Christopher Pyne says universities will not get away with exorbitant fee hikes'. Australia: ABC News. 1 June 2014.
- ^Knott, Matthew; Gilmore, Heath (14 May 2014). 'Graduates could pay up to $120,000 in debt, HECS architect warns'. The Sydney Morning Herald.
- ^Farrell, Paul (25 June 2014). 'Australia's right to know is under assault'. The Guardian. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
- ^http://www.themercury.com.au/news/politics/federal-employment-minister-eric-abetz-attacks-loose-lipped-colleagues-over-cabinet-leaks/news-story/8c86f2dc23d4f49b8172fe4014984d96
- ^'Tony Abbott's 'misguided' mission'.
- ^http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/nsw/war-in-pm-tony-abbotts-cabinet-over-six-month-wait-for-the-dole/news-story/6e7b4d5cae504d60713ada6ec5334be9
- ^The West Australian 6 February 2015.. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
- ^ABC News 9 February 2015.. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
- ^Leslie, Tim (9 February 2015). 'Liberal leadership spill: as it happened'. ABC. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
- ^Leadership speculation at fever pitch as Arthur Sinodinos calls PM's judgment into question; 5 February 2015
- ^Two WA backbenchers call for a spill against Prime Minister Tony Abbott; ABC; 7.30, Transcript 6 February 2015
- ^Tadros, Edmund (24 February 2015). 'Coalition recovers in polls, Tony Abbott remains unpopular'. afr.com. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
- ^http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/politics-news/newspoll-tony-abbott-rallies-coalition-at-four-month-high/story-fn59nqld-1227236213786?sv=fa1178e8bb0e42addf4c83dee6420914(subscription required)
- ^http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/newspoll-budget-win-for-voters-economy-and-tony-abbott/story-fn59niix-1227358285115?sv=6f9ce0f2860459dd969853b9c6cc94f(subscription required)
- ^Maley, Heath Aston and Jacqueline (23 February 2015). 'New wave of leaks forces Tony Abbott on to back foot'.
- ^'Tony Abbott says 'there was talk' of sending Australian troops into Ukraine'. 23 February 2015.
- ^http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/civil-and-military-chiefs-deny-report-of-abbotts-iraq-invasion-plan/news-story/b8bc580a8023719219ca048f08e6b641
- ^Read more: http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/new-wave-of-leaks-forces-tony-abbott-on-to-back-foot-20150221-13l52i.html#ixzz42SkWIxJl
- ^Hartcher, Peter (1 June 2015). 'Tony Abbott rolled by his own ministers over stripping terrorists of citizenship'.
- ^'Tony Abbott 'reads riot act' to cabinet leakers'. Financial Review.
- ^'Tony Abbott: Cabinet fight a 'come to Jesus moment''. The Sydney Morning Herald.
- ^'Bishop unsure if she's come to Jesus'. NewsComAu.
- ^'Malcolm Turnbull and Julie Bishop deny being the source of cabinet leaks'. NewsComAu.
- ^'Hockey not at leaked cabinet meeting'. NewsComAu.
- ^'Bret Walker: Revoking citizenship by minister unconstitutional'. NewsComAu.
- ^Massola, James (19 August 2015). 'Leaked talking points tell ministers to say 'our cabinet is functioning exceptionally well''.
- ^ abMassola, James (20 August 2015). ''Our cabinet is [still] functioning exceptionally well': Abbott government talking points leaked again'.
- ^'Turnbull and Bishop request Liberal Party leadership ballot'. ABC News. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
- ^[1]; Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 14 September 2015
- ^'Malcolm Turnbull wins Liberal leadership'. Skynews.com.au. 14 September 2015. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
- ^Murphy, Katharine (20 September 2015). 'Malcolm Turnbull unveils his ministry – politics live'. The Guardian. Australia. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
- ^Glenday, James (16 September 2015). 'Tony Abbott intends to remain in Parliament after losing Liberal leadership to Malcolm Turnbull'. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
- ^ abMalcolm Farr (23 November 2015). 'Peter Dutton: Why the Immigration Minister is on the outer'. News.com.au. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
- ^ ab'Letters to the Editor: Sniping from backbench is hardly noble'. 9 December 2015.
- ^'Poll shows voters back dumping Abbott – The Australian 12 October 2015'.
- ^'Tony Abbott promises 'no wrecking, no undermining' in final speech as prime minister'. ABC News. 16 September 2015. Retrieved 2 November 2015.
- ^'Tony Abbott won't make decision on future until April 2016 – The Australian 7 December 2015'.
- ^Bourke, Latika (12 November 2015). 'Julie Bishop has new questions to answer on her role in Liberal leadership coup, says Eric Abetz'.
- ^BETTLES, COLIN (13 December 2015). 'LNP blocks Macfarlane move'.
- ^'<%= Page.Title %>'. Archived from the original on 7 December 2015. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
- ^'Hockey announced as ambassador to US'.
- ^'Warning to quit sniping over Islam – The Australian 9 December 2015'.
- ^'Editorial: Does Australia want Tony Abbott to stay in Parliament?'. 9 December 2015.
- ^Kenny, Mark (9 December 2015). 'Abbott says he would have won the election'.
- ^Transcript: Tony Abbott's controversial speech at the Margaret Thatcher Lecture; The Sydney Morning Herald; 28 October 2015
- ^http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/opinion/turnbull-has-no-desire-to-give-advice-to-merkel-on-refugees/story-e6frgd0x-1227608670036?sv=d5009f348ec9c393ff82f1920f1098f2(subscription required)
- ^Scott, Steven (14 November 2015). 'Malcolm Turnbull slaps down Tony Abbott on Europe's refugee problem'. News.com.au. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
- ^Kenny, Mark (19 November 2015). 'Malcolm Turnbull slaps down the military option in Syria, calls for compromise'. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abbott_Government&oldid=915804265'
This is a list of the current and defunct physical clothing and footwear shops in the United Kingdom. This includes shoes, clothing and sportswear, but not online retailers.
- 1Current
Current[edit]
A-D[edit]
Clothing shops in UK | Image | Established in UK | Owned by | Number of shops | Type of shop | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
7 for All Mankind | VF Corporation | American jeans company | Founded in Los Angeles by Michael Glasser, Peter Koral, and Jerome Dahan, the business was purchased by VF Corp. in 2007. The first UK shop opened in London in 2010.[1] | |||
Accent | Private limited company | Men's, ladies' and children's clothing | Founded as a men's designer wear shop in Queens Arcade, Leeds in 1984. In 1986 a junior department was opened, followed by Accent Ladies in 1992.[2] A new shop opened in The Broadway in Bradford in November 2015. | |||
Acne Studios | Private company | Swedish designer brand | Founded by the Acne creative collective in Stockholm, the first UK shop opened in 2013. | |||
Adams Apple | Private company | Ladies boutique | Ladies boutique founded during the 1970s in Woodbridge, Suffolk.[3] | |||
Adidas | Public company | German sports manufacturer | Founded by Adolf Dassler after he and his brother parted ways after WW2. Operates 18 shops including Adidas Originals, Outlets, Y3 and Stella, as well as six joint Adidas and Reebok outlets. | |||
Agent Provocateur | 3i | Ladies' underwear | Founded in Soho by Joseph Corre (son of Vivienne Westwood) and his ex-wife Serena Rees. Purchased by 3i in 2007 for £60m. | |||
Akris | Private | Swiss designer brand for women | Founded by Alice Kriemler-Schoch in St. Gallen, Switzerland. Operates in London in Old Bond Street. | |||
Albam Clothing | Menswear | Designer brand that opened its first shop in 2009.[4] | ||||
Aldo Group | Private company | Footwear retailer | Founded in Montreal, Canada by Aldo Bensadoun as a footwear concession, the business expanded internationally and opened its first UK shop in 2002. | |||
Alexanders of Woodbridge | Private company | Men's outfitters | Men's outfitters based in Thoroughfare, Woodbridge since 1927.[5] | |||
Allotment Store | 2012 | Private company | 1 | Designer Menswear boutique | Founded by Sol Aslam in 2012 the Allotment Store sells luxury designer fashion for men. The store is based in Central Arcade in Leeds city centre | |
Charlie Allen | Privately owned company | Men's tailors | Charlie Allen founded his tailoring shop in 1984 | |||
AllSaints | Lion Capital LLP | Men's and ladies' wear | Founded by Stuart Trevor and Kait Bolongaro from The Saint wholesale menswear business. The first shop opened in 1997. | |||
American Apparel | Public company | American manufacturer and retailer | Founded by Dov Charney, the American manufacturer moved into retail in 2003 opening its first UK shop in Carnaby Street, London in 2006.[6] | |||
American Eagle Outfitters | Public company | American clothing shop | Founded by the Silverman family in 1977, the business opened its first UK shop in November 2014. | |||
& Other Stories | H & M | Swedish clothing brand | Upmarket clothing brand created by H & M, with the first UK shop opening in Regent Street, London in 2013.[7] | |||
Anderson & Sheppard | Rowland family | Men's tailors | In 1906, Peter Gustav, also known as Per Anderson, founded Anderson & Sheppard at No. 30, Savile Row. Moved from Savile Row in 2004. | |||
Gary Anderson | Private company | Men's bespoke tailors | Founded in 1958, Gary Anderson opened on Savile Row in 1998.[8] | |||
Richard Anderson | Private company | Men's bespoke tailors | Founded by Richard Anderson & Brian Lishak, the business was the first bespoke tailoring house to open on Savile Row in 50 years.[9] | |||
Animal | H Young Holdings | Men's and ladies' outdoor wear | Founded in Poole as a watch manufacturer. Branched out into making and retailing clothing, eyewear and luggage. | |||
Ann Summers | Gold Family | Ladies' underwear | Founded in Marble Arch, London by Annice Summers as a sex shop. Purchased by Ralph & David Gold in 1971 and turned into a high street brand selling underwear. | |||
Anthropologie | Urban Outfitters | Womenswear | Founded in 1992 with its first shop opening in Wayne, Pennsylvania, US. The multigoods retailer opened its first shop in the UK in Regent Street in 2009. | |||
Apostrophe | Private company | French designer brand | Founded by Patrick Hazan.[10] | |||
Aquascutum | YGM Trading | Men's clothing | Founded in Regent Street, London by John Emary. | |||
Ark | JD Sports | Fashion retailer | Founded as a ticket shop to ARK club nights in The Corn Exchange in Leeds, before moving into clothing. JD Sports purchased the business after it went into administration in 2013.[11] | |||
Armani | Private company | Italian fashion house | Italian fashion house founded by Giorgio Armani, the business operates shops and concessions under several names – Emporio Armani / Armani Jeans / Gorgio Armani in the UK. | |||
Asda | Wal-Mart through subsidiary Corinth Services Ltd | Men's, children's and ladies' clothing and footwear | Founded as 'ASDA Queens' from the merger of Associated Dairies and the Asquith family owned Queens Supermarket. George (named after designer George Davies) clothing was launched in 1989 replacing the Asdale and Asda ranges. Mintel estimate that George is the fourth largest retailer of clothing in the United Kingdom, after Marks & Spencer, the Arcadia Group and Next.[12] | |||
Laura Ashley | MUI Group of Malaysia | Ladies' clothing | Founded by Laura & Bernard Ashley as Ashley Mountney in 1953 as manufacturer of headscarves, napkins, table mats and tea-towels. The first Laura Ashley shop opened in 1968. | |||
Aspecto | JD Sports | Fashion retailer | Founded in Bridge Street, Manchester in 1986[13] which was bought by Tessuti in 2015 after the death of its founder Mel Pilkington.[14][15] | |||
Atom Retro | Private company | Retro clothing retailer | Founded in Scarborough in 2004.[16] Store located Malton, North Yorkshire | |||
Azagury | Private company | British ladies' designer brand | Founded by Jacques Azagury, one of the creators of the New Romantic look.[17] | |||
Oswald Bailey | JD Sports | Outdoor clothing and equipment | Founded in 1906[18] the business was purchased by JD Sports in 2014 and became a division operating alongside Millets.[19] | |||
Ted Baker | Private company | Men's and ladies' fashion brand | Founded by Ray Kelvin in Glasgow as a menswear brand and retailer, and opened further shops in Manchester, Plymouth, and Nottingham. The Covent Garden shop opened in 1990 and in 1995 they started a Women's range. They now operate 42 standalone shops and various concessions across the UK. | |||
Bally Shoe | JAB Holdings | Shoe retailer | Carl Franz Bally founded his shoe making business in Switzerland in 1851. | |||
Banana Republic | Gap Inc. | American fashion retailer | Founded by Mel and Patricia Ziegler as a retailer with a safari theme, the business was purchased by GAP, who repositioned the retailer to a more upmarket position. The first UK shop opened in Regent Street, London in March 2008. | |||
Jeff Banks | Private company | British fashion designer brand | Jeff Banks started his own designer brand in 1969, opening his first shop in 1975. | |||
Barbour | Private company | Manufacturer and retailer of outdoor clothing | Founded by John Barbour as an importer of oil cloth, the business operates its own retail shops as well as supplies wholesale. | |||
Baron Jon | Fashion Brands Online Ltd / Premium Retail Ltd | Fashion wear | Founded by the Selt brothers in 1977, the business went into administration in 2009, and was purchased by Premium Retail Limited.[20] Now operated by Premium Retail's sister company Fashion Brands Online.com | |||
Barrington Ayre | Private company | Men's tailors and shirtmaker | Founded by Tom Wharton as a bespoke and made-to-order clothing company based in Cirencester.[21] | |||
Horace Barton & Son | Private company | Tailors | Cheltenham tailors founded in 1901.[22] | |||
Base | Private limited company | Childrenswear | Originally called Granditer Menswear, it became Base in 1992 and started offering boys' and men's fashionwear. In 2010 Girls fashion was added, before dropping all adult lines in 2012.[23] | |||
Basler | Private company | German womenswear brand | Founded as Fritz Basler GmBH & Co. in Kreuzberg, Germany as a manufacturer of coats. In 1997 it opened its first boutique in Hamburg, Germany, and opened its first UK shop in London in 2007.[24] | |||
Bawtry Shoe Company | Private limited company | Footwear retailer | Bawtry Shoe company is part of Hobson Shoes. Hobson & Bates was founded during the 1980s and grew to include three shops operating under the Bawtry Shoe, Hobson and Bates names. In 2014 the business entered a CVA, and a new company purchased the Hobson and Bawtry shops.[25] | |||
Beales | Public limited company | Department store | Founded by John Elmes Beale in Bournemouth. The business expanded rapidly during the 2000s, purchasing former Bentalls and Co-operative department stores. | |||
KJ Beckett | Private company | Retailer of designer clothing | Online retailer of designer clothing with a shop based in Keynsham.[27] | |||
Bellville Sassoon | David Sassoon | Ladies' clothing | Founded by Belinda Bellville in Knightsbridge, London. David Sassoon joined in 1958 and the name was changed in 1970 from 'Bellville'. | |||
Belstaff | Labelux Group | British designer brand | Founded by Eli Belovitch and his son-in-law Harry Grosberg in Staffordshire as a manufacturer of all-weather jackets for motorcyclists. In 2011 the business was purchased by Italian business Labelux, and in 2012 opened a shop in New Bond Street, London. | |||
L.K.Bennett | Private company | Ladies' clothing and footwear | Linda Kristin Bennett is an English-Icelandic clothing designer who set up the first L. K. Bennett shop in Wimbledon Village in 1990. Bennett sold a 70 percent stake in the business in 2007 to Phoenix Equity Partners and Sirius Equity, a retail and branded luxury goods investment company. | |||
Berghaus | Pentland Group | Outdoor clothing brand and retailer | Founded by Peter Lockey and Gordon Davison as LD Mountain Centre in Newcastle upon Tyne. In 1972 they launched their own brand of clothing called Berghaus to sell in their shop. In 1993 Pentland Group purchased the business. | |||
Berluti | LVMH | Luxury menswear manufacturer and retailer | Founded by Alessandro Berluti in Paris, the business was purchased by LVMH in 1993. | |||
Bershka | Inditex Group | Fashion retailer | Fashion retailer founded by the owners of Zara, the business opened its first UK shop in the Metro Centre in 2004.[28] | |||
Berties | Private Limited Company | Womenswear | Fashion retailer founded by Mrs Leonie Jayne Howe in 1993. The business opened its UK boutique in Northampton.[29] | |||
The Big Red Building | Gold Family | Men's factory outlet | Founded by Warren Gold, of Lord John (Carnaby Street) fame, from its predecessor Goldrange. Based in Golders Green, London | |||
Blacks Outdoor Retail | JD Sports Fashion plc | Outdoor clothing and footwear | Formerly Blacks of Greenock, originally a sail maker, then tent maker, the company became Blacks Camping during the 1980s before becoming Blacks Leisure in 1994. It purchased rival Millets in 1999. It went into a CVA in 2009, before going into administration in 2011 and being purchased by JD Sports Fashion plc. | |||
Blue Inc | Marlow Retail Limited | Men's and ladies' clothing | Founded as A. Levy & Sons in 1912. Traded under various names including Mr Byrite. Blue Inc name introduced in 2002. Purchased by Marlow Retail Ltd in 2006. | |||
Blunts Shoes | Private company | Footwear retailer | Founded a shoe shop in Kidderminster, the business first expanded locally opening shops in Stourport, Bromsgrove, Bridgnorth, Stourbridge and Worcester. The business then moved into Birmingham before expanding shops further afield.[30] | |||
Ozwald Boateng | Private limited company | Men's tailors | Ozwald Boateng opened his first boutique in Virgo Street, London in 1995. He moved to his current location No. 30 Savile Row in 2008. | |||
Boden | Private company | Men's, ladies' and children's clothing | Founded by Johnnie Boden in 1991, the business started out offering menswear products. It has since moved into women's and childrenswear selling primarily online in several countries. The business has one physical shop in Park Royal, London and plans to open further UK shops. | |||
Bolongaro Trevor | Private company | Men's and women's fashion brand | Founded by Kait Bolongaro and Stuart Trevor after they had sold their shares in AllSaints. | |||
Bonmarché | Sun European Partners | Ladies' clothing | Formed by Parkash Singh Chima after the merging of two clothing business – Wiltex and Hartley, with the first Bonmarché opening in 1985. Acquired by Peacocks in 2002. Sold in January 2012 to Sun European Partners. | |||
Hugo Boss | Public limited company | Men's and ladies' fashion | Founded by Hugo Boss as a clothing manufacturer in Stuttgart. The first UK shop opened in 1996 after Moss Brothers purchased the franchise. In April 2011 Moss Brother sold the franchise and its shop back to Hugo Boss. | |||
Bottega Veneta | Kering | Italian designer brand | Italian designer brand that opened its first UK shop in Sloane Street, London in 2002.[31] | |||
Boundary Mill Shops | Bannister Family | Department store | Founded by Richard Bannister in Colne, Lancashire as a women's clothing shop,[32] an extension to the family weaving mills business that supplied Marks and Spencer.[33] | |||
Boux Avenue | Theo Paphitis | Lingerie retailer | Founded by Theo Paphitis, the name is inspired by a French waitress who served Paphitis when holidaying with his family in France. The retailer opened its first shop in Spring 2011. | |||
Bowhill & Elliot | Private company | Independent shoe retailer | Norwich based shoe retailer based in London Road for over 140 years.[34] | |||
Bowleys Fine Shoes | Private limited company | Footwear retailer | Small footwear chain operated by larger chain Johnsons Shoes.[35] Richmond shop was damaged by a fire in July 2015 that took 30 fire fighters to tackle.[36] | |||
Brandy Melville | Private company | American designer brand | American designer brand worn by celebrities Miley Cyrus, Ashley Benson, Karlie Kloss, Taylor Swift, Vanessa Hudgens, and several famous YouTubers.[37] | |||
Bravissimo | Private limited company | Ladies' underwear | Formed by Sarah Tremellen and Hannah Griffiths as a mail order business in 1995. In 1999 they opened their first shop in Ealing. | |||
Ellis Brigham | Private company | Outdoor clothing and footwear | Founded by Frederick Ellis Brigham started out by making walking boots and cycling shoes, opening his first shop in Harpurhey. The business continues to be owned by the Brigham family. | |||
Brook Brothers | Retail brand alliance | Menswear | Founded as H. & D. H. Brooks & Co. in Manhattan, US, was rebranded Brooks Brothers after founder Henry's sons took charge of the business. From 1988 to 2001 the business was owned by Marks and Spencers. In 2006 the business opened its first UK shop in Old Broad Street, London.[38] | |||
John Brown Menswear | Private company | Menswear | Independent menswear shop based in Plymouth.[39] | |||
Browns of York | Private company | Department store | Founded over 100 years ago, the Helmsley shop featured in ITV series Heartbeat. | |||
Burberry | Public company | Men's, ladies' and children's clothing brand | Luxury fashion brand started by Thomas Burberry in Basingstoke, Hampshire in 1856. The business opened its first London shop in 1891, and changed its name to Burberrys due to the colloquial use of the Burberrys of London name. The business stayed in family hands until Great Universal Shops bought the business in 1955. In 1998 the business changed its name back to Burberry, and in 2002 the business was floated on the London Stock market, with Great Universal Shops selling their final share in 2005. | |||
Burtons | Arcadia Group | Men's clothing and footwear | Founded by Montague Burton as The Cross-tailoring Company. Was once a member of FTSE 100, but now a brand name of the Arcadia Group. | |||
Byrne & Burge | Private company | Men's tailors | Founded by husband and wife team of Joshua Byrne and Emmeline Burge.[40][41] | |||
Cad and the Dandy | James Sleater, Ian Meiers | Men's tailors | Founded in 2008 as a tailoring brand, the business opened its first shop in 2009. | |||
Calzedonia | The Calzedonia Group | Lingerie retailer | Italian lingerie retailer that opened its first UK shop in 2011.[42] | |||
Camper | Private | Spanish footwear manufacturer and retailer | Founded by Lorenzo Fluxà Rosselló in Spain from a Spanish shoe manufacturer, opening its first shop in Barcelona in 1981. | |||
Vince Camuto | Kurt Geiger | American designer shoes | Founded by the former Nine West designer, the sister brand of Kurt Gieger opened its first UK shop in 2013.[43] | |||
Canali | Private company | Men's clothing | Founded as a men's clothing business in Italy by Giacomo Canali and Giovanni Canali. In 1996 Moss Brothers purchased the franchise rights for opening Canali shops in the UK, and opened its flagship shop on New Bond Street in 2000. In 2010 Moss Brothers relinquished the Canali franchise and re-branded the shops under other brands they operated. | |||
Carven | Private company | French designer ladieswear | Founded by Carven Mallet in Paris as a Haute Couture house.[44] Opened its first UK shop, in a licence agreement with Club 21, in 2013.[45] | |||
Chadds of Norwich[46] | Private company | Men's clothing shop | Founded over 50 years ago, the shop is located in Bedford Street, Norwich.[47][48] | |||
Chanel | Private | French designer brand | Founded by Gabrielle Bonheur Chanel, also known as Coco. Opened boutiques during the 1980s. | |||
Charlies Stores | Private company | Outdoor clothing and footwear | Formerly an Army surplus shop with branches in Newtown and Welshpool, the business changed to an outdoor retailer in 1986.[49][50] | |||
Cheap Monday | H & M | Swedish jeans | Started by Örjan Andersson and Adam Friberg as a secondhand jeans shop in Stockholm, before starting selling their own clothing in 2004. In 2008 H & M bought the parent company Fabric Scandinavien AB, and the first UK shop opened in Carnaby Street, London in 2012.[51] | |||
Chester Barrie | Prominent Europe | Men's tailors | Founded in 1935 by Simon Ackerman. At one time owned by Austin Reed. | |||
Chittleborough & Morgan | Men's tailors | Founded in 1981 as a bespoke tailor with no off the peg suits. | ||||
Choice | Private company | Discounter of Next company clothing | Founded by Con Donovan in Hadleigh, Essex as a catalogue discount shop, the business moved over in the 1990s to selling discounted lines from Next.[52] | |||
Choice | Private company | Independent designer label retailer | Founded in Romford in 1993. | |||
Jimmy Choo | JAB Holding | Designer ladies' footwear | Founded by Jimmy Choo, a bespoke footwear designer in the East End of London along with Vogue accessories editor Tamara Mellon. Owned by JAB Holding since 2011. First shop opened in Motcomb Street in 1996. Also operate concessions within department stores. | |||
Church's | Footwear | Founded by Thomas Church and his three sons. Owned by Prada in the late 1990s, the business was expanded internationally. Supplied shoes used during Pierce Bronsan's tenure as James Bond. | ||||
Ciren Jeans | Private company | Jeanswear shop | Independent jeanswear shop based in Cirencester.[53][54] | |||
Clarks | Private limited company | Footwear | Founded by Cyrus & James Clark in Street, Somerset. 84 percent of the business is still owned by the Clark family. It started retailing its own products in 1937 using initially the Peter Lord name. | |||
Charles Clinkard | Clinkard family | Footwear retailer | Founded by Charles and Eveline Clink in Middlesbrough. The business has expanded to 33 shops and is still run by the Clinkard family.[55] | |||
Cloggs.co.uk | JD Sports Fashion plc | Footwear | Founded in 1979 by Russell Thomas in Oasis Market, Birmingham. Went into administration in 2012 but was purchased by JD Sports Fashion plc in early 2013. | |||
Cloudo Kids | Private company | Children's designer clothing | Designer clothing shop for children opened by Fei Yuan in Birmingham.[56] | |||
Coach, Inc. | Public company | Men's and women's fashionwear | Founded as a leatherworking workshop on 34th Street, Manhattan, NY, US. The business opened its first UK shop in Sloane Square in the 1990s, as well as a shop in a shop inside Harrods. However this was not successful due to the weakness of the pound and the business pulled out of the UK.[57] In 2010 Coach Inc signed a joint venture deal with Hackett to distribute their goods in UK, Spain, Portugal and Ireland as well as open standalone shops and concessions. In 2011 the first standalone shop was opened in New Bond Street, London.[58] | |||
Coast | Aurora Fashions | Ladies' clothing and footwear | Founded in 1996, the chain was purchased by Oasis. In 2004 a management buyout of Oasis/Coast called Mosaic Fashions went through. In 2009 Mosaic went into administration. Bought out by another management team under Aurora Fashions. | |||
Coes | Men's clothing | Founded by William David Coe in 1928, the business flagship shop is in Ipswich, with the remaining shops located in East Anglia.[59] | ||||
Cole's Menswear | Private limited company | Men's clothing | Founded by William Edgar Cole in 1928. Owned Tissimans, 400-year-old tailors in Bishop Stortford which claimed to be the oldest men's clothing establishment before its closure. | |||
Colton Footwear | Private company | Footwear retailer | Founded by Charles Potter in Berkhamsted in 1952.[60] | |||
COS | H & M Hennes & Mauritz AB | Fashion brand | Collection of Style was first shown at a Royal Academy catwalk show in 2007, with the first shop opening in Regent Street, London in March of the same year.[61] The business is positioned upmarket of parent H & M | |||
Cotswold Outdoor | Outdoor clothing and footwear | Founded in a garage next to the Cotswold Water Park selling basic camping equipment. Has operated as Cotswold Camping, Cotswold The Outdoor People and Cotswold Essential Outdoors | ||||
Corneliani | Corneliani family | Italian menswear manufacturer and retailer | Founded as a coat manufacturer in Italy, the business opened its first UK shop on the site of Beale & Inman at 131–132 New Bond Street in 2008. | |||
Cotton Traders | Fran Cotton & Steve Smith | Men's and women's clothing | Founded by former England Rugby players Fran Cotton and Steve Smith as a mail order rugby shirt retailer based in Altrincham. In 1997 Next purchased 33 percent share of the business, but this was bought back by the founders in 2014. | |||
Craghoppers | Regatta | British outdoor clothing manufacturer and supplier | Founded in West Yorkshire, the business was purchased by the Regatta group in 1995. The business operates four outlet shops. | |||
Crockett & Jones | Private company | British luxury shoes | Founded by Charles Jones and Sir James Crockett in Northampton, England. Daniel Craig's James Bond in Skyfall wore a pair of Crockett & Jones shoes. | |||
Crombie | Private company | Men's and women's fashion brand | Founded as J&J Crombie Ltd by John Crombie and his son James in Aberdeen, Scotland as a manufacturer. The business started making coats under their own label, and eventually retailing at three UK locations and 40+ stockists worldwide. | |||
Cruise | Private limited company | Men's and ladies' fashion boutiques | Founded in Edinburgh as a menswear designer boutique, which has expanded to include ladies' clothing.[62] | |||
DAKS | Sankyo Seiko Co. Limited | Men's and ladies' fashion brand | Founded as S. Simpson by Simeon Simpson was a manufacturer of bespoke tailoring based in London. In 1935 Simeon's son Alexander invented the first supporting trouser, and branded it DAKS. In 1936 Alexander opened the first Simpsons shop—Simpsons of Piccadilly—to sell the company's clothing. In 1991 the business was sold to Sankyo Seiko Co. Limited, who at the turn of the century moved the shop from Piccadilly to Old Bond Street and renamed the business DAKS. | |||
W. J. Daniel & Co. | Private company | Department store | Founded by Walter James Daniel in Oxford and is a royal warrant holder. | |||
Danish Wardrobe Company | Private company | Ladies' clothing | Ladies' clothing company based in Leamington Spa that specializes in Danish and Scandinavian design.[63] | |||
Dapper Fox | Private company | Menswear | Founded as a menswear shop in Bury St Edmunds in 2015.[64] | |||
Dapper Men | Menswear boutique | Menswear boutique based in Huntriss Row in Scarborough.[65] | ||||
D'Artagnan Menswear | Private company | Men's boutique | Independent men's boutique opened during the 1970s in Chichester, on the corner of St. Johns Street.[66] | |||
Davies and Son | Alan Bennett | Men's tailoring | Founded in Hanover Street in 1803, it moved to its current location in Savile Row in 1986. Owns several other tailoring companies—Bostridge and Curties and Watson, Fargerstrom and Hughes, Johns and Pegg, James and James, Wells of Mayfair and Fallan & Harvey. | |||
Aubyn Davies | Private | Menswear and school uniforms | Independent menswear shop opened in Bury St Edmund in 1906.[67] | |||
Debenhams | Public limited company | Department store | Founded by William Clark in 1778 at Wigmore Street, London. Since 1993 the business has the 'Designers at Debenhams' brand, which sees designer clothing at High Street prices, with designers including Jasper Conran, John Rocha, Betty Jackson Black, Butterfly by Matthew Williamson, H! by Henry Holland, Star by Julien Macdonald, Frost French, Erickson Beamon, Eric Van Peterson, Janet Reger, Pip Hackett, Melissa Odabash, Ted Baker, St George by Duffer, Jeff Banks, and Ben de Lisi. | |||
Decathlon Group | Sports clothing and footwear | Founded in Lille, France. Came to the UK in 1999. | ||||
Dege & Skinner | Skinner family | Men's tailors | Founded as J. Dege & Sons, William Skinner Jnr. joined the firm in 1916. Name changed to Dege & Skinner after the Skinner family took control. | |||
Denman & Goddard | Private company | Men's tailors | Men's bespoke tailors based in St. Georges Street, London, whose house tie is mentioned in John Le Carre's book The Tailor of Panama.[69] | |||
Desigual | Private company | Spanish Fashion brand | Founded by Swiss Thomas Meyer in Ibiza, Spain as a fashion brand, the first shop opened in Spain in 1986. The business opened its first UK shop in 2010. | |||
Diesel | OTB Group | Italian designer brand | Italian designer brand that opened its first UK retail shop in 1996. | |||
Diesel Black Gold | OTB Group | Italian designer brand | Designer brand launched in 2008 by Diesel, with its first shop opening in Conduit Street, London in 2014.[71] | |||
Dior | Groupe Arnault SAS | French designer brand | Founded as a fashion house in Paris, the business has five standalone shops and several concessions spread across London. | |||
Dolce & Gabbana | Private company | Italian designer brand | Italian designer brand that operates five shops and a concession in London. | |||
Donalds Menswear | Rooke family | Independent menswear shop | Founded by Donald Rooke in a former Hepworth's shop that he had started working in during 1969.[72] | |||
Dorothy Perkins | Arcadia Group | Ladies' clothing and footwear | Founded in 1909 as H. P. Newman, the shop changed its name to Dorothy Perkins in 1919. Purchased from the Farmer family in 1979 by Burtons. | |||
Dr. Martens | Permira | Footwear brand | Founded as a shoe design by Dr. Karl Märtens in Munich, the design was licensed to British shoe manufacturer R. Griggs Group Ltd who anglicised the name, changed the heel and added trademark yellow stitching. In 1994 the business opened its first shop in Covent Garden. In 2013 the business was purchased by Permira. | |||
Drake's | Michael Hill & Mark Cho | Men's shirt and tie manufacturer | Founded by Michael Drake as a scarf manufacturer. They went on to make ties, pocket squares and shirts. They opened their flagship shop in Clifford Street in 2011. | |||
DSquared2 | Private company | Designer brand | Founded by Dean and Dan Caten with funding from employers Diesel. The UK shop opened in March 2015. | |||
Duchamp | Private company | Men's clothing | Founded by Mitchell Jacobs in Suffolk as a cufflink brand. Opened first boutique in Notting Hill, London in 1998. In 2006 Mitchell Jacobs sold the business. | |||
Ducker & Son | Private limited company | Footwear | Founded by Edward Ducker in Oxford, where they are still based. Appeared in the film Atonement and has many well-known customers. | |||
Dune | Private company | Footwear retailer | Started as a concession in Oxford Street in 1992,[74] The business operates 50 stand alone shops in the UK as well as concessions. In 2009 it purchased the brands of Shoe Studio from the administrator of Baugur.[75] | |||
Dunnes Stores | Dunne family | Men's, ladies' and children's clothing and footwear | Founded by Ben Dunne in Cork, Ireland as a drapery. Became a full line department store opening its first UK store in the 1970s. | |||
DW Sports Fitness | Whelan family | Sports clothing | Founded by Dave Whelan in March 2009 after purchasing 50 JJB Sports Fitness clubs and their attached sports shop. |
E-H[edit]
Clothing shops in UK | Image | Established in UK | Owned by | Number of shops | Type of shop | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
East | Ladies' fashion retailer | Founded on the Fulham Road, London as a small independent boutique.[76] In June 2015 the business went into administration but was purchased in a pre-packaged deal by East Lifestyle plc,[77] however 19 shops were closed. This left 37 shops and various concessions across the UK. | ||||
ECCO | Privately owned company | Footwear retailer | Danish footwear manufacturer and retailer started in Bredebro by Karl Toosbuy. The first ECCO shops in the UK were franchises run by former Clarks executive Michael Fiennes, who grew the number of shops to 17 by 1999, before ECCO took over the running of the brand's shops.[78] | |||
Ede & Ravenscroft | Private limited company | Men's tailors | The company was founded in 1689 by William and Martha Shudall. The present name dates from 1902 and is a result of the inheriting of the business by Joseph Ede and then merging with wig-maker Ravenscroft. They have three shops in London, and also in Oxford, Cambridge and Edinburgh. The company holds the Royal warrant as 'Purveyors to the British Royal Family' as robemakers to HM The Queen, HRH Prince Philip and HRH Prince Charles. | |||
Edge of the World | Private company | Outdoor clothing | Incorporated in 1997,[80] the business has shops in Cumbria and Derbyshire. | |||
Edinburgh Woollen Mill | Edinburgh Woollen Mill Ltd | Men's and ladies' clothing | Created by the Langholm Dyeing and Finishing Company. First shop opened Randolph Place, Edinburgh. | |||
El Ganso | Private company | Spanish fashion chain | Founded by Alvaro and Clemente Cebrian[81] in 2004.[82] The first UK shop was opened in Carnaby Street, London in 2012. | |||
Eleven Paris | Private company | French designer clothing | French designer clothing brand that opened its first UK shop in London in 2013.[84] | |||
Emmett London | Private company | Men's shirt maker and retailer | Founded by Robert Emmett in Kings Road, London in 1992. | |||
English Cut | Men's tailor | Founded by Thomas Mahon, who had previously started Steed Bespoke Tailors. Known to provide suits for the Prince of Wales. | ||||
Etro | Private company | Italian designer brand | Italian designer brand started by Gimmo Etra. The business opened its first stand alone UK shop in August 2011.[85] | |||
Evans | Arcadia Group | Ladies' clothing | Founded in 1930 by manufacturer Jack Green. Purchased by Burtons in 1970. | |||
Timothy Everest | Timothy Everest | Men's tailors | Welsh bespoke tailor and designer who started out on his own in 1989, opening his first shop in London in 1993. | |||
Nicole Farhi | Private limited company | Men's and ladies' clothing | Started as a high end fashion label within French Connection. In 2010 sold by French Connection to Opengate Connection, but in 2013 the business went into administration. The business was saved by Maxine Hargreaves-Adams, the daughter of Matalan founder John Hargreaves.[87] | |||
Thomas Farthing | Private | Menswear | Founded at Museum Street, London WC1A as a menswear shop. | |||
Fashion Wheel | Ladies' clothing | Small chain located in Norfolk.[88][89][90] | ||||
Fat Face | Bridgepoint Capital | Men's, ladies' and children's clothing | Founded by Tim Slade and Jules Leaver as a business selling T-shirts at ski resorts, the business opened its first retail shop in 1993. In 2007 the business was acquired by Bridgepoint Capital. | |||
Fendi | LVMH | Italian designer brand | Founded in Rome by Edoardo and Adele Fendi as a fur and leather shop. Since 2001 the business has been part of LVMH. | |||
Fenwicks | Fenwick family | Department store | Founded in Newcastle by John James Fenwick. Now operates 11 department stores including subsidiaries Bentalls and William & Griffin. | |||
Field and Trek | Sports Direct | Outdoor clothing | Founded in 1973, the outdoor clothing and camping specialists had expanded to 11 shops when Sports Direct purchased 60 percent of the business in 2007.[91] | |||
George Fisher | Graham Tiso Ltd | Outdoor clothing | Keswick based retailer located in the famous Abrahams Photography shop and equipping early expeditions to Everest. Purchased by Tiso in 2007.[93] | |||
Flannels | 1976 | Sports Direct/ Neil Prosser | Designerwear | Set up by Neil Prosser in Knutsford, Cheshire in 1976 as a menswear shop. In 1994 they expanded into womenswear. In 2012 Sports Direct bought a 51% share. | ||
Anne Fontaine | Private company | French designer brand | Founded by Anne Fontaine, with her first boutique opening in Paris in 1994. Famous for white shirts. | |||
Foot Locker | Foot Locker Retail Inc. | Sports footwear retailer | Founded by Woolworth company, Kinney Shoe Corporation in 1974. | |||
Footasylum | Private company | Sports clothing shop | Founded by the founders of JD Sport, John Wardle and David Makin after they sold the business in 2005.[94] | |||
Tom Ford | Private company | American designer label | Founded by Tom Ford, the former creative director of Gucci and YSL. The first standalone UK shop opened in Sloane Street, London in 2012.[95] | |||
Forever 21 | Do 'Don' Won Chang (Hangul: 장도원) | Men's, children's and ladies' clothing and footwear | American chain opened in 1984 as Fashion 21. First UK shop opened 2010.[96] | |||
Frasers | Private company | Men's tailors | Founded in the 1960s, the men's tailors operates from Petersfield in Hampshire.[97] | |||
French Connection | PLC | Men's and ladies' clothing | Founded by Stephen Marks as a ladies' mid-market brand, the business expanded into menswear in 1976. It now operates over 130 shops across UK & Europe. | |||
Gallyons Country Lifestyle Clothing | Private company | Independent country clothing retailer | Independent country clothing shops based in Norwich[98] | |||
Gant | Maus Frères | American designer brand | Founded as a shirt manufacturer in America, the retail business was started by the former Swedish franchise owner Pyramid Sportswear. The business is now owned by Swiss department store group Maus Frères. | |||
Gap | Gap Inc. | Men's, children's and ladies' clothing and footwear | Founded by Donald and Doris Fisher in San Francisco in 1969. First UK shop opened in 1987[99] | |||
Garment Quarter | John Reid, Peter Lake, Christopher Atkinson and Michael Barker | Men's and ladies' clothing and footwear | Founded in Bristol as an independent fashion boutique. | |||
Gaziano & Girling | Private company | Footwear manufacturer and retailer | Handmade men's footwear manufacturer who opened their first UK shop in Savile Row in 2013.[100] | |||
Kurt Geiger | Sycamore Partners | Footwear retailer | Founded by Kurt Geiger, an Austrian who opened his first shop in Bond Street, London. | |||
Geox | Private company | Footwear and clothing manufacturer and retailer | Founded in Italy by Mario Polegato. The second largest shoe manufacturer in the world after Clarks. | |||
Ghost | Touker Suleyman | Ladies' fashion brand and boutiques | Founded by Tanya Sarne and Katharine Hamnett in London. Started out as a fashion label, it was purchased by Kevin Stanford and investment company Arev and went on to have 32 shops across the UK.[101] The business went into administration in 2008 and was saved by Touker Suleyman. It now operates three shops and several concessions in department stores. | |||
Gieves & Hawkes | Trinity Ltd | Men's tailors | Founded as two separate companies – Gieves (1887) and Hawkes (1771). Merged after Gieves & Co purchased Hawkes & Co. Based at No. 1 Savile Row. | |||
Ginger | Jonathan Trumbull & Hatters | Independent ladies' boutique | Independent ladies' boutique opened in Timber Hill, Norwich by Jonathan Trumbull & Hatters, a separate boutique in Norwich which has been open since 1971.[102] | |||
Go Outdoors | Private company | Outdoor clothing and equipment | Founded as Camping and Caravanning Centre in Sheffield, the business was purchased by a management buyout in 1998, and in 2004 the business opened its first Go Outdoors shop, eventually re-branding the business.[103] | |||
Goat | Private company | Designer lgadieswear | Founded by Jane Lewis as a designer knitwear brand, the business opened its first shop at Conduit Street, London.[104] | |||
Gray Palmer | Private company | Men's outfitters | Men's outfitters based in Saffron Walden, Essex in London House since 1840.[105] | |||
Great Outdoors | Private company | Outdoor clothing and footwear | Independent outdoor clothing and camping equipment shop based in Chester.[106] | |||
Great Outdoors Supershop | Private company | Outdoor clothing and footwear | Founded as an outwear shop over 30 years ago in Shiremoor.[107] | |||
Greaves Sports | Greaves Family owned | Sports retailer | Rebranded name for the Clysdale Rubber Company, the business purchased their Glasgow rival, Lumleys in 1959 before rebranding that as Greaves in the 1980s.[108] | |||
Greenwoods | Pacific Trend Investment | Men's clothing | Founded by William Greenwood as a hatters shop. At its peak in the 1990s the business had over 200 shops, but after entering administration in 2009 it now has 80 shops. | |||
Grenson | Private company | British handmade shoes | Handmade shoe manufacturer that started by William Green in Rushden, UK. Business was renamed Grenson, as a shortening of William Green & Son in 1913. The business opened its first retail shop in Liverpool Street, London in 2008.[109] | |||
Grosvenor Shirts | Private company | Men's shirt company | Founded in 1999 by Karl Dunkley and John Quigley as a British shirt making firm. Shop is located in Jermyn Street, London.[110] | |||
Gucci | Kering | Italian designer brand | Founded in Florence, Italy by Guccio Gucci. The business operates eight stand-alone shops in the UK and several concessions in department stores. | |||
Guess | Public company | American designer brand | Founded by Paul and Maurice Marciano in Beverley Hills, Los Angeles US. Guess re-entered the UK market in 2004 with a shop in Covent Garden.[111] | |||
H&M | H & M Hennes & Mauritz AB | Men's, children's and ladies' clothing and footwear | Founded in Sweden by Erling Persson, with the first UK shop opening in 1976 – its first outside of Scandinavia. Originally traded as Hennes in UK. | |||
Hackett London | M1 and by LVMH subsidiary – L Capital Asia | Men's clothing | Founded by Jeremy Hackett and Ashley Lloyd-Jennings from a stall on London's Portobello Road, with the first shop opening in Kings Road, Chelsea. Operates 13 shops in UK plus concessions, which is a total of 77 shops across 16 countries. | |||
Hansfords of Chichester | Hansford family | Independent menswear | Founded in 1908 in Chichester, West Sussex by Joscelyn Hansford,[112] and run by Matthew Hansford his grandson since 1990.[113] | |||
Harrods | Qatar Holdings | Department store | Upmarket department store in Knightsbridge, London which was founded by Charles Henry Harrod. | |||
Harvey Nichols | Dickson Concepts | Department store | Founded by Benjamin Harvey as a linen shop within a house on the corner of Sloane Street and Knightsbridge. In 1991 Dickson Concepts purchased the business from the Burton Group, and expanded the business to 14 shops across the world. | |||
Harvie and Hudson | Richard Harvie and Andrew Hudson | Bespoke shirtmaker | Founded in 1949 by Thomas Harvie and George Hudson, it remains the only family owned shirtmaker in Jermyn Street, London.[114] | |||
Hawes & Curtis | Low Profile Holdings | Men's clothing | The company was founded by two outfitters, Ralph Hawes and Freddie Curtis, who opened the first shop in Piccadily Arcade at the corner with Jermyn Street, in London in 1913. | |||
Hawkshead | Regatta | Men's, children's and ladies' outdoor clothing and footwear | Outdoor wear shop opened in Hawkshead Village. Bought by Burtons in 1996. Sold to Rubicon retail in 2002, who sold the business off in 2003 to Retail Variations.[115] Retail Variations went into administration in 2003 and the business was sold to Daffodil Holdings in 2003. Went into Administration in 2006, before being purchased by Vertical Acquisitions.[116] This however was short lived and the business returned to administration later that August and was purchased by Branded Logo.[117] Business went into administration again in 2007, and was rescued by the outdoor clothing company Regatta.[118] | |||
Hermès | Public company | French designer brand | Started as a harness manufacturer by Thierry Hermès. Operates stand alone shops and concessions within department stores. | |||
Anthony J Hewitt | Private company | Men's tailors | Founded as a bespoke tailors by Savile Row apprentices Anthony Hewitt, the business also incorporates the former independent tailors Airey & Wheeler of Piccadilly, who went into administration in 1996.[119][120] | |||
High and Mighty | J D Williams | Large sized clothing | Founded as Northern Outsize Menswear by Bernard Levy as a mail order firm. The business opened its first shop on Edgware Road, London in 1959. During the 1970s the business changed its name to High and Mighty. In 2009 the business was purchased out of administration by J D Williams. | |||
Tommy Hilfiger | PVH | American fashion brand | American designer brand that opened its flagship shop in Brompton Road, London in August 2011. | |||
Stephen Hitchcock | Private company | Men's tailor | Stephen Hitchcock established his own tailoring business after serving his apprenticeship at Anderson & Sheppard.[121] | |||
Hobbs London | Private | Ladies' upmarket brand | Founded as a shoe brand, the business has expanded to sell a full range of clothing. | |||
Hobbs Sports | Jarrolds | Independent sports retailer | Independent sports retailer based in Cambridge owned by Jarrolds department store. | |||
Hobson Shoes | Private limited company | Footwear retailer | Hobson & Bates was founded during the 1980s and grew to include three shops operating under the Bawtry Shoe, Hobson and Bates names. In 2014 the business entered a CVA, and a new company purchased the Hobson and Bawtry shops.[123] | |||
Hollister | Abercrombie & Fitch | Fashion brand | Founded by Abercromie & Fitch as a brand aimed at 14–18-year olds, the business opened its first shop in the UK at Brent Cross in October 2008. | |||
Hoopers | Private company | Department store | Department store chain founded in Torquay. Expanded to take in three former department stores across the UK. | |||
Hopscotch Shoes | Private company | Footwear retailer | Small chain of shoe shops for children.[124] | |||
Hotspur 1364 | Private company | Menswear boutique | Based in Alnwick, the shop was unsuccessfully asked to stop using the name by Tottenham Hotspur.[125] | |||
Hotter | Private company | British manufacturer and retailer of shoes | Started as a concept by Stewart Houlgrave in his parents business Beaconsfield Footwear. The started selling by mail order catalogue direct to customers in 1996, opening their first retail shop in Southport in the year 2000.[126] | |||
House of Fraser | Sanpower & Mike Ashley | Men's, children's and ladies' clothing and footwear | Department store chain founded in Glasgow by Hugh Fraser. In 1948 it was listed on the London Stock Exchange. In 1985 the business was purchased by the Al-Fayed family, but returned as a public company in 1994. In 2006 it was purchased by the Highland consortium, before being purchased by Sanpower. | |||
House of Hackney | Private company | Clothing and houseware design house | Founded as a print based brand of homewares, the founders Javvy Royle and Frieda Gormley moved into clothing. The British made goods brand opened its flagship shop in Shoreditch High Street in 2013. | |||
T J Hughes | Lewis's Home Retail Ltd | Department store | Founded as a small shop on Liverpool's London Road, in 1925 the business was offered the former Owen Owen shop for part ownership of the business. In 1992 the business was floated, before being purchased by JJB Sports in 2000. In 2002 the business was purchased by PPM Capital, who had sold the business to Silverfleet Capital in 2003. The business expanded to 57 shops however in 2011 the business was sold to Endless LLP, a turnaround specialist but they put the business into administration in June 2011. Six of the shops and the trading name were purchased from the administrators by Lewis's Home Retail. | |||
William Hunt | Private company | Men's bespoke tailors | Founded by William Hunt, a former professional footballer on the Kings Road, the Savile Row shop opened in 1998. | |||
Hunter | Private company | Footwear manufacturer and retailer | Founded as the North British Rubber Company by American Henry Lee Norris, the manufacturer of Green Welly boots branched initially into retail in 2006 with a shop in Carnaby Street. However, in 2015 a new shop was opened in Regent Street, London.[127] | |||
Huntsman, Savile Row Tailor | Pierre Lagrange | Men's clothing | Founded by Henry Huntsman, from previous business H. Huntsman, a breeches maker. One of the founders of the Savile Row Bespoke Association |
I-M[edit]
Clothing shops in UK | Image | Established in UK | Owned by | Number of shops | Type of shop | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Donna Ida | Donna Ida | Ladies' jean boutiques | Founded by Donna Ida in Chelsea, London, the business sells ladies' jeans in its London shops. | |||
Industrie | Private company | Australian designer menswear | Founded in Australia, the designer brand opened its first UK shop in 2013.[128] | |||
Intimissimi | The Calzedonia Group | Underwear manufacturer and retailer | Italian brand founded in Dossobuono di Villafranca di Verona. | |||
John Ives Footwear | Private company | Independent footwear shop | Founded as a currier business in Cratfield, Suffolk by the Ives family, by 1864 Walter Henry Ives had started making boots with his brother Charles selling them direct. In 1925 the family closed the factory to concentrate on retail of footwear, with brothers John, Herbert and Jack running shops in Leiston, Halesworth, Diss, Bury St. Edmunds and Littleport. John Ives died in 2015 with his children Fay and David running the shop which now has two locations in Woodbridge, Suffolk.[129] | |||
J.Crew | Private | Men's, women's and children's clothing and footwear | Founded as Popular Merchandise, Inc, during the 1980s the business expanded into the catalogue market with Popular Club Plan. In 1989 the business became J. Crew and opened its first retail shop. Its first UK shop opened in Regents Street in 2011. | |||
Jacamo | N Brown group | Men's clothing and footwear | Online brand of N Brown Group, which opened its first physical shops in 2011. Dual branded shops with Simply Be. | |||
Jacks 1952 | Outdoor clothing retailer | Independent outdoor clothing retailer based in Great Dunmow and Saffron Walden, Essex.[130] | ||||
Jack & Jones | Bestseller | Jeanswear | Jeanswear firm started by Bestseller in 1990. | |||
Jaegar | Better Capital | Men's and ladies' clothing | Founded by Lewis Tomalin as Dr Jaeger's Sanitary Woollen System Co Ltd in 1884, capitalising on a craze for wool-jersey long johns inspired by the theories of German scientist Dr Gustav Jaeger. The company's flagship shop opened on Regent Street in the 1930s. | |||
Richard James | Private company | Men's tailors | Savile Row tailor shop founded by former British Fashion Council's Menswear and Bespoke Designer of the Year. | |||
Marc Jason Shoeworld | Florentine Shoes | Discount footwear shop | Discount footwear shop founded by importer Florentine Shoes that is based in the South East.[132] | |||
JD Sports | PLC – majority shareholder Pentland Group | Men's, children's and ladies' sports clothing and footwear | Started in Bury by John and David Makin. Became a plc in 1996. In 2005 Pentland Group bought out the Makins. | |||
Jigsaw | Robinson Webster (Holdings) Ltd | Men's, children's and ladies' clothing | The company was started in 1972 by John Robinson and Malcolm Webster. | |||
Johnsons Shoes | Private limited company | Footwear retailer | Small footwear chain based in the south east.[133] | |||
JoJo Maman Bébé | Private limited company | Children's clothing | Founded by Laura Tenison as a mail order business. | |||
Jonathan Turnbull & Hatters | Private company | Independent boutique | Independent boutique that opened in 1971 based in St. Stephens Street, Norwich. Owns the Ginger boutique in Norwich.[134] | |||
Jones Bootmaker | Endless LLP | Footwear retailer | Founded by Alfred Jones in Bayswater, London. | |||
Joseph | Men's and ladies' clothing | Founded by Joseph Ettedgui and his family in Kings Road, Chelsea below their hairdressing salon. First large scale retail shop opened in Sloane Street in 1979, designed by Norman Foster. It has been owned by Onward Kashiyama since 2005. | ||||
Jotoha | Private limited company | Children's clothing and footwear | Small chain of childrenswear shops in Hampshire and Dorset. Named after the owner's children Josh, Tom and Hannah.[135] | |||
Joules | Private company | British fashion and lifestyle brand | Founded by Ian Joule as Joule & Sons, the business originally sold branded clothing and accessories at equestrian and country shows. In 1994 the business rebranded as Joules, and in 1999 launched its own clothing collection. In 2000 the brand opened its first shop, in Market Harborough and has since opened 92 branches and several concessions across the UK. | |||
Joy | Ladies' fashion shops | Ladies' fashion shop, which was in the news in 2014 for an offensive response to a message on Twitter.[136] | ||||
Juicy Couture | Authentic Brands Group | American fashion brand | Founded in California, initially as Travis Jeans. The first UK shop was opened in 2009 in Bruton Street, London.[137] | |||
Donna Karan New York | LVMH | American designer brand | Founded by Donna Karan in New York, the business opened its only UK shop in Conduit Street, London in 1997. | |||
Kevins Menswear | Menswear | Founded in February 1975[138] in Westbury, Wiltshire and specializes in small, tall and the big sizes.[139] | ||||
Kilgour & French | Fung Group | Men's tailors | Founded in 1882 as T & F French in Piccadilly, in 1923 French merged with existing Savile Row tailor A. H. Kilgour to form Kilgour & French. Owned by Fung Group since 2013. | |||
The Kooples | Private company | French designer shop | Started by the Elisha brothers in Paris, the first UK shop opened in 2010.[140] Also operates concessions within Harrods and Selfridges. | |||
Michael Kors | Public | American designer brand | American designer brand started by Michael Kors in 1981. First UK shop opened in Regent Street, London in 2015.[141] | |||
Krisp Clothing | Public limited company | Ladies' clothing | ||||
Lacoste | Maus Frères | French clothing company | Founded by former French tennis player Rene Lacoste. The UK flagship shop in Brompton Road, London opened in 2012.[142] | |||
Karl Lagerfeld | Private | German fashion designer brand | Founded by the German fashion designer of the same name. Lagerfeld has also been the head designer of Chanel and Fendi. His boutique on Regent Street, London, opened in November 2013.[143] | |||
Lanvin | Harmonie S.A. | Men's tailors | Founded as a dressmaker in France by Jeanne Lanvin. The menswear shop opened in London in 2008.[144] | |||
Ralph Lauren | Public company | American designer brand | Founded by Ralph Lauren as a men's tie brand, the first UK shop opened in New Bond Street, London in 1981. | |||
Le Coq Sportif | Public company | French sportswear manufacturer | Founded by Émile Camuset in France, the business opened its first stand alone shop in the UK in 2013.[145] | |||
Leekes | Private company | Outdoor clothing and footwear | Founded in Rhondda, Wales by James Henry Leeke as a builder's merchants. In the 1970s the business expanded into department stores offering outdoor clothing and footwear. | |||
The Left Shoe Company | Private company | Made to measure footwear company | Made to measure footwear company based in London, Los Angeles and Helsinki. | |||
T. M. Lewin | Private company | Men's shirt retailer | Founded by Thomas Mayes Lewin in Jermyn Street. In the 1980s the business started to expand by opening its second shop at Lime Street, London. | |||
John Lewis | John Lewis Partnership | Men's, children's and ladies' clothing and footwear | Started by John Lewis in Oxford Street, London. In 1920 was incorporated into John Lewis Partnership. Largest department store in volume of revenue. | |||
Lillywhites | Sports Direct | Men's, children's and ladies' sports clothing and footwear | Founded by the Lillywhite family in Haymarket, London. Moved to their current location at 25 Regent Street, London in 1925. Opened shops in numerous city locations. At one time owned by the Forte Group, it was purchased by Jerónimo Martins in 1996. The business struggled in the competitive UK sports market and in 2002 was sold to Sports Direct. Shops were changed to Sports Direct or closed between 2002 and 2012, leaving the Regent Street shop as the sole location. | |||
Phillip Lim | Private company | American designer of ladieswear | Created by Phillip Lim, an American designer in 2005. The London shop opened in 2013.[146] | |||
Linzi Shoes | Private company | Independent ladies' footwear shops | Ladies' shoe shop based in around the M25 in Essex.[147][148] | |||
Lipsy London | Next plc | Ladies' clothing | The company, founded in London, began trading as a wholesale fashion brand in 1988, going on to open concessions in department stores. In 2006 the management team purchased the business, before selling it on in 2008 to Next plc, the same year as their first shop opened in Brent Cross Shopping Centre. | |||
The Little Shoe Company | Private company | Footwear retailer | Claim to be Nottinghamshire's only dedicated children's shoe shop.[149] | |||
Liu·Jo | Private company | Italian designer brand | Founded by the Marchi brothers in Carpi, Italy. | |||
Henri Lloyd | Private company | Manufacturer and retailer of sailing, yachting and golfing apparel | Founded by Angus Lloyd and Henri Strzelecki in Manchester. Operates its own shops and concessions in House of Fraser. | |||
Long Tall Sally Clothing | Amery Capital | Ladies' clothing | The first shop was opened in 1976 on Chiltern Street in the West End of London. The business is a clothing and shoe brand for tall women 5'8' and over. | |||
Loro Piana | LVMH | Italian designer brand | Started in the 19th century by the Loro Piana family as wool fabric merchants. In 2013 80% of the business was purchased by LVMH. | |||
Christian Louboutin | Private company | French designer shoes | Founded in Paris, the business operates 3 stand alone shops in London and concessions within Selfridges and Harvey Nicholls. | |||
Lululemon Athletica | Sportswear | Founded in Vancouver, Canada in 1998 by Chip Wilson. Opened its first UK shop in Covent Garden in February 2014. | ||||
Lyle & Scott | Private company | British designer brand | Founded as a knitwear firm in the Scottish town of Hawick, the business opened its first retail shop in London in 2005. | |||
M&Co. | Iain McGeoch | Men's, children's and ladies' clothing and footwear | Founded by McGeoch family as pawnbrokers in Paisley, Renfrewshire. Converted to clothing in 1953. In 1973 adopted Mackay's name. M&Co brand launched in 2003, with all shops being rebranded by 2007. | |||
Mainline Menswear | Designer menswear boutique | Founded in Scarborough in 2004.[150] | ||||
Mango | Mango MNG Holding | Fashion shop | Founded by brothers Isak Andic and Nahman Andic in Barcelona. | |||
Mark Marengo | Private company | Savile Row designer | Founded by Mark Marengo, the brand opened its first shop at 31 Savile Row, London.[151] | |||
E. Marinella | Maurizio Marinella | Italian designer ties | Founded by Eugenio Marinella in 1914 in Naples. | |||
Marks & Spencer | Public limited company | Men's, children's and ladies' clothing and footwear | The company was founded by a partnership between Michael Marks, a Belarusian Jew & Thomas Spencer, and a cashier from Skipton in North Yorkshire, as a penny bazaar in Leeds Kirgate Market. Now one of the UK's largest clothing retailers. | |||
Mascotte | Private company | Designer shoe brand | International designer shoe brand that opened its first UK shop in Westfield White City, London in 2013.[152] | |||
Massimo Dutti | Inditex Group | Fashionwear retailer | Founded as a men's clothing manufacturer in 1985, the business was purchased by Inditex Group in 1991, who expanded the range to women's clothing in 1992. The first UK Shop was opened on Regent Street, London in 2003.[153] | |||
Matalan | John Hargreaves | Men's, children's and ladies' clothing and footwear | Founded by John Hargreaves in Preston. | |||
Matches Fashion | Men's and ladies' clothing | Founded in London, it is now an international retailer with retail shops and an online site. | ||||
Max Mara | Private | Italian designer brand | Founded by Achille Maramotti in Italy. Operates four stand alone shops and concessions in department stores. | |||
McQ | Gucci | British fashion designer brand | Launched in 2006 as a lower price range to Alexander McQueen, the business opened its first shop in Spitalfields in 2012. | |||
Alexander McQueen | Gucci | British fashion designer brand | Founded as a fashion house by Alexander McQueen, the business was bought by Gucci in 2000 and opened retail shops across the globe. | |||
Medwinds | Private company | Spanish designer brand | Founded in 2011[155] by Lorenzo Fluxa, a member of the family that created Camper shoes. The first UK shop was opened in London in 2013.[156] | |||
Melissa Shoes | Private company | Brazilian designer shoe retailer | Founded in 1971 in Brazil,[157] the first UK shop opened in Covent Garden, London in 2014.[158] | |||
Menarys | Alexander family | Men's, children's and ladies' clothing and footwear | Founded by Joseph Alexander in Cookstown as a drapery. In 1970s bought Menary Brothers and changed the group name to this. Now operates as a department store. | |||
Mexx | Eroglu Holding | Men's, women's and children's clothing and accessories | Started by fashion designer Rattan Chadha and his business partners PK Sen Sharma, Adu Advaney, Suveer Arora, Ronny Lemmens, Horatio Ho and Arun Mehta in the 1970s as a supplier of clothes for department and wholesale shops in the Netherlands. In 1980 they created two popular clothing brands—'Moustache' for men and 'Emanuelle' for women, and in 1986 brought these together a M (from Moustache) + E (from Emanuelle) + XX (an abbreviation for 'kiss kiss') to create MEXX. In the UK the business has 17 shops mainly in Northern Ireland. | |||
Karen Millen | Private limited company | Founded by Karen Millen and Kevin Stanford. First shop opened in 1983. Bought by Mosaic Fashions, owners of Oasis in 2004. Mosaic went into administration in 2009. Bought out by the management team under Aurora Fashions. Karen Millen was split off as an independent company in 2011. | ||||
Miss Selfridge | Arcadia Group | Ladies' clothing | Founded as the young fashion section of Selfridges department store by Charles Clore. Later opened in Lewis department stores and as separate shops. In 1999 Miss Selfridge was purchased by Arcadia Group as part of Sir Philip Green's purchase of Sears plc. | |||
Monsoon | Peter Simon | Children's and ladies' clothing | Started by Peter Simon in Portabello Road market in 1972, opening his first Monsoon shop in 1973. | |||
Moschino | Public company | Italian designer brand | Founded in Milan by Franco Moschino. | |||
Moss Bros Group | Public company | Men's clothing | Founded by Moses Moss in Covent Garden. Has owned several brands including the UK retail arm of Hugo Boss. | |||
Mothercare | Public company | Ladies' maternity and children's clothing and footwear | Founded by Selim Zilkha & Sir James Goldsmith are purchasing 50-shop W. J. Harris nursery furniture chain. Became a public company in 1972. Merged with Habitat in 1982, and then BHS in 1986 to form Shophouse plc. Purchased Children's World from Boots in 1996 and rebranded Mothercare World. In 1999 Shophouse changed its name to Mothercare plc after the sale of BHS to Sir Philip Green. | |||
Mountain Warehouse | Mark Neale | Men's, ladies' and children's outdoor clothing and footwear | Started life as retail arm of Karrimor. Name changed to Mountain Warehouse after sale of Karrimor in 1999. Business changed hands in 2002; 2007; 2010 and finally in 2013 to its former founder Mark Neale. | |||
Mush Clothing | Men's and ladies' fashionwear | Founded in 1995, the business operates two shops in the Wood Green Shopping City, London.[159] |
N-P[edit]
Clothing shops in UK | Image | Established in UK | Owned by | Number of shops | Type of shop | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nanook | Private company | Ladies' independent boutique | Ladies' boutique specializing in Italian design, based in Suffolk.[160] | |||
Nevisport | Jacobs & Turner Ltd | Men's, children's and ladies' outdoor clothing and footwear | Founded in Fort William by Ian A. Sykes MBE and Ian D. Sutherland. Acquired by Jacobs & Turner in 2007. | |||
New & Lingwood | Pop Capital[161] | Men's bespoke shirt and boot maker | Founded by Elisabeth New and Samuel Lingwood in Eton,[162] who became the official outfitters to the college. In 1922 they opened a shop in Jermayn Street which was destroyed during the Blitz. They now operate from the Piccadilly Arcade, London. | |||
New Look | Brait SA | Men's, children's and ladies' clothing and footwear | Started in Taunton by Tony Singh. Purchased by Brait SA in May 2015. | |||
Next | Next plc | Men's, children's and ladies' clothing and footwear | Started in 1982 after the purchase of Kendall & Sons Ltd by clothing manufacturer Joseph Hepworth. Next took over as the operational name of Joseph Hepworth & Son and Kendalls. | |||
Nine West | Footwear retailer | Founded in New York in 1973. | ||||
Nomad Travel | Private company | Outdoor clothing and footwear | Founded by Paul Goodyer as a market stall in Reading.[164] | |||
Jane Norman | Edinburgh Woollen Mills | Men's and ladies' clothing | Founded by Norman Freed in 1955, the business was sold to Graphite Capital in 2002 for £70m. In 2005 it was purchased by Bagur before going into administration in 2011. Edinburgh Woollen Mills bought the brand and 33 of its 116 shops, but in 2014 the business again was put into administration and bought out in a pre-packaged deal by Edinburgh Woollen Mills. All shops were closed and the business now operates concessions in department sores and online. | |||
Norton & Sons | Patrick Grant | Men's tailors | Norton & Sons is a Savile Row bespoke tailor founded in 1821 by Walter Grant Norton. The firm is located at 16 Savile Row. | |||
Nudie Jeans | Private company | Swedish designer jeans brand | Founded as a subsidiary of Svenska Jeans AB by Maria Erixon in 2001, opening its first shop in Soho, London in 2014. | |||
Oasis | Aurora Fashions | Ladies' clothing | Floated in 1995, in 2001 business was purchased by a management buyout. A second buyout occurred in 2004. This buyout called Mosaic Fashions went into administration in 2009. Bought out by another management team under Aurora Fashions. | |||
Office | Silverfleet Capital | Men's and ladies' footwear | Formed as a concession in Hyper Hyper, before opening its first shop in 1984. | |||
Offspring | Silverfleet Capital | Men's and ladies' sports clothing and footwear | Fashion sports shops created by Office. | |||
Oldrids & Downtown | Private company | Department store | Founded in 1804 by the Oldrid family, the business operates two Oldrid department stores and several Downtown shops.[165] | |||
The Original Factory Shop | Duke Street Capital | Men's, children's and ladies' clothing and footwear | Discounter starting life by selling soap overmade by one of founder Peter Blacks factories. | |||
Orlebar Brown | Private company | Menswear | Swimwear designer brand started in March 2007.[166] | |||
Orvis | Private | Outdoor clothing | Founded in America by Charles F. Orvis, the family-owned retail and mail-order business specialises in high-end fly fishing, hunting and sporting goods. | |||
Outfit | Arcadia Group | Men's and ladies' clothing | Opened by Sears plc in Reading, the shop sold the brands of Sears plc in out of town locations. Purchased by Sir Philip Green in 1999, and became part of Arcadia Group. | |||
Pakeman Catto & Carter | Private company | Men's tailors | Founded by George Pakeman in Old Swindon in 1876. Now operates in Cirencester, with a department within McEwans of Perth.[167] | |||
Pal Zileri | Private company | Italian designer menswear | Founded by Gianfranco Barizza and Aronne Miola and named after an ancient building in the historic centre of Vicenza. | |||
Palmers | Palmer family | Department store | Founded by Garwood Burton Palmer as a drapery shop in Great Yarmouth. | |||
Pavers Shoes | Private limited company | Footwear retailer | Family owned business started in York by Catherine Paver, initially as shoe parties. First shop opened in Scarborough. | |||
Peacocks | Edinburgh Woollen Mill Ltd | Men's, children's and ladies' clothing and footwear | Started as Peacocks Penny Bazaar in Warrington. Went public in 1999, before a management buyout in 2005. Went into administration in 2012 before being purchased by Edinburgh Woollen Mill. | |||
N.Peal | Adam Holdsworth and Nick Falkingham | Luxury cashmere knitwear and accessories specialist | Founded by Nat Peal as a men's haberdashery in London's Burlington Arcade. In 2010 the business was purchased by Adam Holdsworth and Nick Falkingham in 2007. | |||
Pep&Co | Pepkor UK | Clothing discounter | Founded by Andy Bond, a former Asda executive and South African retail business Pepkor. The business opened 50 shops in 50 days. | |||
Phase Eight | Private limited company | Women's clothing | Founded by Patsy Seddon at Wandsworth Common, London. | |||
Pilch Sports | Jarrolds | Independent sports retailer | Independent sports retailer based in Norwich owned by Jarrolds department store. | |||
F. Pinet | Private company | Footwear Retailer | Founded in Paris in 1855, the UK shop is based in New Bond Street, London.[169] | |||
Thomas Pink | LVMH | Men's and women's fashion brand | Founded by brothers James, Peter and John Mullen as a specialist shirt company based in London. In 2011 the business opened its first shops in Washington DC, Edinburgh, and a concession within Harrods in London. | |||
Pinko | Private company | Italian designer brand | Founded in the early 1980s by Pietro Negra and Cristina Rubini, the business operates one stand alone shop and concessions within Harvey Nicholls and Harrods. | |||
Henry Poole & Co | Angus & Simon Cundey | Men's tailors | Opened in Brunswick Square, London before moving to Savile Row in 1846. Moved to Cork Street in 1961 before returning to Savile Row in 1982. | |||
Poste | Office Holdings | Men's footwear retailer | Upmarket boutique footwear retailer started by Office. | |||
Poste Mistress | Office Holdings | Women's footwear retailer | Upmarket boutique footwear retailer started by Office. | |||
Prada | Public company | Italian designer brand | Founded by Mario Prada in Milan, Italy. The business operates three stand alone shops and concessions in several department stores. | |||
Pretty Eccentric | Ladies' clothing and footwear | Founded in 2009 by Michelle Scott. | ||||
Primark | Associated British Foods | Men's, children's and ladies' clothing and footwear | Opened by Arthur Ryan in Dublin as Penneys. Opened first UK shop in Belfast in 1971. | |||
Pull & Bear | Inditex Group | Fashionwear retailer | Founded as New Wear S.a. in Naron, Galicia, Spain in 1986. The business became part of Inditex Group who rebranded the business as Pull & bear in 1991,[171] and opened its first UK shop in 2008.[172] |
Q-S[edit]
Clothing shops in UK | Image | Established in UK | Owned by | Number of shops | Type of shop | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
QD stores | QD Commercial Group Holdings | Men's, children's and ladies' clothing and footwear | Founded in Norwich under the name Quality Discounts. Multi-range discounter. Some shops have in shop Brantano concessions. | |||
Quadrant | Chelmsford Star (Co-operative) | Department store | Formed with the merger of the Braintree and Chelmsford Co-operative societies.[173] | |||
Quba & Co | Private company | Fashion brand | Started as manufacturer of reclaimed canvas sailcloth jackets in Salcombe, Devon. Now operates a manufacturer and retailer of sea-inspired clothing and homewares.[174] | |||
Quiz | Kast Retail | Ladies' clothing and footwear | Opened in 1993 with three shops in Scotland. Went into administration in 2009 but bought back in a pre-packaged deal.[175] | |||
Racing Green | Men's clothing | Started in London in 1990. Purchased by Burtons in 1996. Sold as part of Rubicon deal in 2002, who sold the business to Speciality Retail Group in the same year. Speciality Retail Group (SRG) were purchased by Former Moss Bros chief executive Adrian Wright and private equity group Gresham. SRG went into administration in 2010, bought by Arafa Holdings and merged with Baird Menswear Brands to form Bairds. | ||||
Red Wing Shoes | Private company | American footwear manufacturer | Founded in Red Wing, Minnesota by Charles H. Beckman, the business operates a stand-alone shop in London selling their own brand of shoes. | |||
Reebok | Adidas | Sports clothing and footwear | Founded as running shoe company J W Foster & Sons, the business opened its first stand alone shop in 2004 in Covent Garden, London.[176] The business was bought by Adidas in 2005. In 2011 Reebok opened its new retail concept Reebok Fithub. | |||
Reiss | Reiss family | Men's and women's fashion brand | Founded by the Reiss family in 1971, the business operates 56 shops and several concessions across the UK. | |||
Religion | Private company | Men's and women's clothing brand | Fashion clothing brand that opened its first shops in 2007.[177] | |||
Replay Jeans | Genus Group | Italian jeans brand | ||||
Rigby & Peller | Van de Velde | Ladies' underwear | Ladies' underwear retailer founded in 1939 by Hungarian immigrant Gita Peller and Bertha Rigby, an English corsetière at South Molton Street in London's West End. In 2011 87 percent of the business was purchased by Belgium manufacturer Van de Velde. | |||
Marina Rinaldi | Max Mara | Italian designer ladies' brand | Founded by the Italian Max Mara company as a plus size designer brand, the business operates one stand alone UK shop and concessions within several department stores. | |||
River Island | Lewis Trust Group | Men's and ladies' clothing and footwear | Founded by Bernard Lewis under the name Lewis Separates, the business changed name to Chelsea Girl in 1965. In 1988 it merged with its menswear operation Concept Man to form River Island, with all shops being re-branded by 1991. | |||
Rohan | The Cann Trust | Outdoor clothing retailer and manufacturer | Founded by Paul Howcroft and his wife Sarah, the business was purchased by Clarks in 1988. In 1996[179] it was sold to a management buyout, before changing hands again in 2001. In 2007 the business was purchased by The Cann Trust and Colin Fisher. | |||
Rohmir | Private company | French designer brand | Founded in Monaco by Olga Roh. The only UK shop is based in London. | |||
Rokit | Private limited company | Vintage clothing retailer | Founded as a market stall in Camden Market, London. Now operates in Brick Lane, Covent Garden and Camden. | |||
Roman | Roman Originals plc | Ladies' clothing retailer | Founded in Ebbw Vale in 1995, the business opened its 50th shop in 2011, and 100th in 2014.[180] | |||
Roxtons | Private company | Country clothing and specialist sportswear | Founded in 1979, the southern based business specializes in country clothing and sponsors Pony Club Polo.[181] | |||
Rupert and Buckley | Private limited company | University focused brand | Founded by James Buckley Thorp as an upmarket brand aimed at University students. In 2014 they opened their flagship shop at 5 Burton Street, Bath. | |||
Russell & Bromley | Private limited company | Footwear retailer | Founded in 1873 by the marriage of George Bromley to his employers daughter Elizabeth Russell, with the first shop carrying the name in Eastbourne. Opened its first Bond Street shop in 1947. | |||
Sonia Rykiel | Private company | French designer brand | Founded by Sonia Rykiel in Paris, the business was 80 percent purchased by Fung Brands in 2012. | |||
Sainsbury's | Publicly traded on the London Stock Exchange | Men's, children's and ladies' clothing and footwear | Sainsburys started selling clothes in its jointly run Savacentres (with BHS). In 2004 it launched its TU clothing range | |||
Saunders Menswear | Private company | Menswear | Menswear shop located in Gants Hill, Ilford but previously had a chain of shops in Essex.[182][183] | |||
The Savoy Taylors Guild | Moss Brothers Group | Men's tailors | Men's tailors founded next door to the Savoy Hotel, which was purchased by Cecil Gee, before becoming part of Moss Brothers in 1988. In 2000 many of the Guild shops were converted to the new Code brand created by Moss Brothers, however by 2002 the Code name was dropped, and Savor Taylor Guild became the business' upmarket brand.[184] | |||
Scabal | Private company | Men's tailors | Founded as a cloth merchant, the textile manufacturer produces and retails suits, jackets and shirts. | |||
Schuh | Genesco | Fotwear retailer | Founded in Edinburgh by Sandy Alexander, it remained as an independent business until it was purchased by a plc. In 1990 a management buyout occurred before being purchased by Genesco, a US footwear retailer in 2011. | |||
Dorothee Schumacher | Private company | German designer brand | Dorothee Schumacher founded her own label in 1989 with her husband, Jörg Singhoff. The business now operates 45 shops worldwide. | |||
Scotch & Soda | Private company | Dutch designer brand | Dutch designer brand that opened its first UK shop in London in 2012.[185] | |||
R Scott & Co | Private company | Men's tailors | Founded in Cirencester in 1911, the business claims to be the oldest independent retail business in the town.[186] | |||
Scotts Menswear | JD Sports | Menswear | Menswear shop purchased by Pentland Group, JD Sport's owner in 2005.[187] | |||
Seasalt | Chadwick Family | Fashion brand | Founded out of the Cornish company General Clothing Shops in 2001, as a seaside-inspired designer brand.[188] | |||
Maurice Sedwell | Andrew Ramroop | Men's tailors | Founded by Maurice Sedwell in Fleet Street, the business moved to 9 Savile Row in 1963. In 1988 Maurice Sedwell retired selling the business to his employee Andrew Ramroop. The business moved to 19 Savile Row in 1994. | |||
Select Fashion | Genus UK Ltd | Ladies' clothing | Started out as a value ladies' clothing retailer in the early 1980s. Moved to a fashion brand retailer in 2004.[189] Entered administration in May 2019.[190] | |||
Edward Sexton | Edward Sexton | Men's tailors | Nutters of Savile Row was opened on Valentine's Day 1969 by Tommy Nutter and Edward Sexton, who had worked together at Donaldson, Williamson & Ward. Nutter left business in 1976, but Edward Sexton continues to run the business changing the name in 1982. | |||
Ben Sherman | Oxford Industries Inc. | British menswear brand | Founded by Arthur Benjamin Sugarman in Brighton, the business opened its first shop in the city in 1967. The business was purchased by Oxford Industries in 2004 from 3i and Enterprise Equities and discontinued the ladies' and children's wear ranges in 2010. | |||
Shoe Zone | Smith family | Footwear retailer | Originally called Bensonshoe, the business was first renamed to Discount Shoe Zone in 1996 before becoming Shoe Zone in 2001. In 2007 they purchased Shoefayre chain from Co-Op, and added the Stead & Simpson business after purchasing it from administrators in 2008. | |||
Shoon | Private limited company | Footwear retailer | Footwear retailer set up by former Clarks executive and ECCO franchise holder, Michael Fiennes with his wife Rosalie.[191] Now operates from 10 shops, 4 concessions and a website | |||
Shooze with Soles | Private limited company | Footwear retailer | Founded by Donna Reid in Ayr, the business has expanded to three shops across Scotland.[192] | |||
John Simons | Privately owned company | Men's boutique | Started in 1981[193] by John Simons, the man who founded the Ivy Shop in Richmond. The shop in Covent Garden, London continued to supply the Ivy League look started by the Ivy Shop, however the shop closed in 2010. A new shop opened in 2011 at 46 Chiltern Street in Marylebone.[194] | |||
Simply Be | N Brown group | Ladies' clothing and footwear | Online brand of N Brown Group, which opened its first physical shops in 2011. Dual branded shops with Jacamo. | |||
Slaters | Private limited company | Menswear | Founded in Glasgow, Scotland by Samuel Slater, the business is still owned by the Slater family. | |||
John Smedley | Private company | British designer knitwear | Founded as Lea Mills in 1784 by John Smedley and Peter Nightingale, it was in 1825 when John Smedley's son John took over the running of the business and started making clothing not just cloth. Operates a shop in Brook Street, London and concessions in several department stores. | |||
Paul Smith | Private company | Men's, children's and ladies' fashion brand | Founded by Paul Smith in Nottingham as Paul Smith Vêtements pour Hommes, a men's tailor. He opened his first shop in Covent Garden in 1979. The business now operates 17 shops in England.[195] | |||
Russell Smith | Private company | Ladies outfitters | Ladies clothing store in Felixstowe[196] | |||
Sock Shop | Private company | Sock retailer | Founded as a specialist sock retailer by Sophie Mirman and Richard P. Ross. The business expanded to shops across the UK, US and Europe. However the business entered administration in 1990, and although was purchased by a consortium it struggled and after another period of administration it became part of the Facia group. This group failed in 1996, and between then and 2006 had a further three owners. The business had closed all of its shops but has since opened a shop in the Arndale Centre in Manchester and has concessions in various Mill outlets and department stores. | |||
Sole | Private company | Footwear retailer | Founded as Top Footwear for Men in St. Albans, the business changed its name to SOLETRADER in 1992. In the business opened Sole as a shop selling luxury brands, in addition to the SOLETRADER shops.[197] | |||
SOLED OUT | Private company | Footwear retailer | Founded as Top Footwear for Men in St. Albans, the business changed its name to SOLETRADER in 1992. SOLED OUT is a factory outlet shop based in the north east. | |||
SOLETRADER | Private company | Footwear retailer | Founded as Top Footwear for Men in St. Albans, the business changed its name to SOLETRADER in 1992.[198] | |||
Spencer Hart | Private company | Men's tailors | Founded by Nick Hart, the retail business formally operated from Savile Row and Brook Street, London before the retail company went into liquidation in 2014.[200] The tailoring side of the business took on the lease of the Brook Street shop. | |||
Spirit Designerwear | Private company | Designerwear boutique | Essex and Hertfordshire based boutique[201] | |||
Sports Direct | Public limited company | Sportswear | Founded as Mike Ashley Sports in Maindehead, the business changed its name to Preston Sports in 1984. In 1995–96 the business changed its name to Sports Soccer. In 2002 the business purchased rival Lillywhites, and in 2005 the business was again re-branded as Sports World, with a further change occurring in 2007 to Sports Direct. In 2012 it purchased the JJB brand name and 20 of it shops. | |||
Steed Bespoke Tailors | Private company | Men's bespoke tailors | Founded by Edward DeBoise and Thomas Mahon. Thomas Mahon left the business in 2002 and in 2008 Edward was joined by his son Matthew. | |||
The Sting | Dutch fashion brand | Dutch fashion retailer that opened its first UK shop in the former Tower Records shop in Regent Street, London in 2009.[203] | ||||
Store Twenty One | 1932 | Private company | Men's, ladies' and childrenswear | Created by Grabal Alok, the Indian-owned textile manufacturer that had bought the remnants of QS Shops and Bewise chains that had gone into administration. In July 2016, it was proposed and agreed that a company voluntary arrangement should be taken. In May 2017 Store Twenty One entered administration for the second time due to poor trading. The company was placed into liquidation in July 2017 and all remaining stores closed. | ||
Stowers Bespoke | Private company | Men's bespoke tailors | Founded by Ray & Chris Stowers, Ray had previously worked for Gieves & Hawkes for 25 years.[204] | |||
Stradivarius | Inditex Group | Womenswear | Founded as a family owned business in Barcelona, the business became part of the Inditex group in 1999. The first shop in the UK opened in Westgate, Stratford in 2014.[205] | |||
Suit Direct | Baird Group | Menswear retailer | Menswear retailer created by Baird group, after parent company Afara bought 12 of the former Suits You shops from the administrator.[206] | |||
Sunspel | Private company | British designer label | Sunspel was founded in 1860 as a manufacturer of clothing by Thomas Hill, and claims to be the first fashion retailer to produce the T-shirt style clothing top. | |||
Superdry | Public limited company | Men's, ladies' and children's fashion brand | Founded as Cult Clothing by Ian Hibbs and Julian Dunkerton in Cheltenham. During the 1990s the business expanded into a number of UK university towns and cities, before opening their first Superdry shop in Covent Garden in 2004. | |||
Sweaty Betty | Private company | Sportswear | Founded by Tamara and Simon Hill-Norton with one boutique in London's Notting Hill selling ladies' activewear, by 2003 the business had expanded to five shops. |
T-Z[edit]
Clothing shops in UK | Image | Established in UK | Owned by | Number of shops | Type of shop | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Taunton Leisure | Private company | Outdoor clothing and footwear | Independent outdoor clothing and equipment shop founded in 1977.[207] | |||
Tempest | Alexander family | Ladies' clothing and footwear | Young ladies' fashion shop located in Northern Ireland and owned by Menarys department store chain | |||
Nick Tentis | Private company | Men's bespoke tailors | Nick Tentis had been selling vintage suits, until he opened his first shop in 1995 selling his own clothing. He opened his shop on Savile Row in 2010.[208] | |||
Tesco | Publicly traded on the London Stock Exchange | Men's, children's and ladies' clothing and footwear | First started selling clothes in 1960. | |||
Tessuti | Private company | Menswear retailer | Founded as a luxury clothing menswear retailer in the North West of England,[209] Fifty percent of the business was purchased by JD Sports in 2012 who added five of their Cecil Gee branches to the chain.[210] | |||
The Tetbury Tailor | Private company | Men's tailor | Founded by Keith Leaver in the Tetbury, Gloucestershire.[211] | |||
Tezenis | The Calzedonia Group | Lingerie retailer | Italian lingerie brand which opened its first UK shop in 2007.[212] | |||
ThirtySix | Private company | Menswear | Independent menswear shop located in Cirencester.[213] | |||
Thresher & Glenny | Private company | Tailors and shirtmakers | Founded in 1755 after a merger of older business. Operates in Middle Temple Lane, London. | |||
Tiger of Sweden | IC Group | Swedish menswear brand | Founded in the Swedish town of Uddevalla by Markus Schwarmann and Hjalmar Nordstrom, the business has been owned by IC Group since 2003. The business opened its first UK shop in 2013 in London.[214] It also operates concessions within Selfridges department stores. | |||
Timberland | VF Corporation | Footwear and clothing manufacturer and retailer | Founded as a brand of The Abington Shoe Company in the US, the business opened its first UK retail shop in 1990 on New Bond Street, London.[215] | |||
Tiso | Private company | Outdoor clothing retailer | Founded by Graham Tiso, a mountain climber, in Edinburgh with his wife Maude. in 2006 they purchased the Alpine Bikes business, followed by the George Fisher outdoor shop in Keswick in 2007.[216] In 2014 the Tiso family sold a controlling stake in the business to JD Sports.[217] | |||
TK Maxx | TJX Companies | Men's, children's and ladies' clothing and footwear | Opened as TJ Maxx in Framingham, Massachusetts in 1976. Opened first UK shop in Bristol in 1994 under TK Maxx name to not confuse itself with discount department store TJ Hughes. | |||
Toast | French Connection plc / Seaton Family | Men's and ladies' clothing and footwear | Started by Jessica and Jamie Seaton in Wales in 1997 as a mail order pyjama company.[218][219] French Connection purchased 75% of the company in 2000. | |||
Tod's | Public company | Italian footwear retailer | Italian designer footwear retailer | |||
Topshop / Topman | Arcadia Group | Men's and ladies' clothing | Founded in 1964 as the young ladies' fashion department in the Peter Robinson department store. Split off from Peter Robinson as a separate business (by owners Burton Group) in 1973. | |||
TOWER London | Private company | Footwear retailer | Founded by Harry Demopoulos as Silver Shoes, becoming Tower Boots before changing its name to TOWER London.[220] | |||
C J Townrow & Sons | Private company | Department store | Department store founded in Braintree that now operates in Essex and Cambridgeshire. | |||
tReds | Private limited company | Men's, ladies' and children's footwear | Founded by Stephen Kavanagh in Weymouth.[221] | |||
Trespass | Jacobs and Turner Ltd | Outdoor clothing manufacturer and retailer | Founded by Jacobs & Turner, a workwear company operating since 1938, as a brand to move into specialist skiwear and outdoor clothing. The retail business was started in the 1990s. | |||
Trotter & Deane | Private company | Independent menswear | Founded by John Deane-Bowers in 1991, the business is located in Bury St. Edmunds.[222] | |||
Turnbull & Asser | Ali Fayed | Men's shirtmaker | Founded in 1885 by Reginald Turnbull and Ernest Asser, a salesman, in St. James in West London. In 1903 they moved to their Jermyn Street location. The business was purchased by Ali Fayed younger brother of Mohamed Al-Fayed, former owner of Harrods, in 1986. | |||
Tuxedo Junction | Private company | Tailor and weddings | Founded in Gloucester and Cirencester.[223] | |||
Charles Tyrwhitt | Private company | Men's outfitter | Founded as a mail order business by Nicholas Charles Tyrwhitt Wheeler, the business opened its first shop in Jermyn Street, London in 1997. | |||
UGG Australia | Deckers Outdoor Corporation | American footwear design brand | Founded by Brian Smith in California, the business was purchased by Deckers Outdoor Corporation in 1995. | |||
Ulanka | Footwear retailer | Spanish footwear retailer who opened its first UK shop on Oxford Street, London in 2014.[224] | ||||
Uniqlo | Fast Retailing Ltd. | Japanese clothing retailer | UNIQLO is a clothing apparel company, which was founded in Yamaguchi, Japan, in 1949 as a textiles manufacturer. The company opened its first shop in the UK in 2001. | |||
United Colours of Benneton | Benetton Group S.r.l. | Designer brand | Designer brand started by Luciano Benneton in Treviso, which opened shops around the world. Currently only shops in Northern Ireland are operated by Benneton. | |||
Urban Outfitters | Public limited company | American fashion retailer | Founded in 1970 by Richard Hayne, Scott Belair, and Gabriel Tham-Morrobel, the American fashion chain opened its first UK shop in 1998.[225] | |||
USC | Sports Direct | Men's and ladies' clothing | Opened as a sports retailer in Edinburgh. Bought by Sir Tom Hunter in 2004. Purchased fully by Sports Direct in 2012. Defunct retailer Republic merged into USC in 2013. Went into Administration in 2015. Business bought by a Sports Direct holding company Republic Retail Ltd in 2015 | |||
Anna Valentine | Private company | London fashion house | London Fashion house founded as Robinson Valentine, named after its founders Antonia Robinson and Anna Valentine. When Antonia Robertson left the business the brnad became Anna Valentine. | |||
Van Mildert | Men's and women's fashion boutique | Founded as a men's and women's fashion boutique in Durham in a Grade 1 listed building on Elvet Bridge.[226] | ||||
John Varvatos | Lion Capital/John Varvatos | American designer brand | Founded by the former head of design at Calvin Klein & Ralph Lauren, the US designer brand opened its first UK shop in 2014 in Conduit Street.[227] | |||
Vero Moda | Bestseller | Women's fashion brand | Founded in Denmark in 1987,[228] the business owned by Bestseller opened its first UK standalone shop in Westfield Stratford in 2011.[229] | |||
Victoria's Secret | L Brands | Lingerie retailer | Founded in America by Roy Raymond, the first UK shop opened in Bond Street in 2012,[230] with its ninth shop opening in Reading in April 2015.[231] | |||
Vilebrequin | Private company | French fashion brand | Founded by Fred Prysquel as a swimwear company in France, and was named after the French for crankshaft. | |||
Viyella | Austin Reed | Ladies' clothing | Originally a brand name for a wool and cotton mix, a Viyella fashion retail business was started by its parent company. Owned by Austin Reed since 2009. | |||
Louis Vuitton | LVMH | French designer brand | French designer brand started by Louis Vuttion as a maker of travel trunks. Its first shop opened in London in 1885. | |||
Amanda Wakeley | Private company | British designer brand | Founded by Amanda Wakeley in Chelsea as a boutique and brand, the business has since expanded its stand alone shops and operates concessions within Harvey Nicholls shops. | |||
Wall London | Private company | Ladies' fashion boutique | Founded by Hernán and Judith de Balcázar as a boutique in Notting Hill, London, the business expanded into mail order in 1999 and online sales in 2000. | |||
Wallis | Arcadia Group | Ladies' clothing | Founded by Raphael Nat Wallis in 1923. The business was purchased by Sears Group in 1980. Became part of Arcadia Group in 1999 following the Sears plc purchase by Sir Philip Green. | |||
Isaac Walton Tailoring | Privately owned company | Tailors | The business started in London during the 19th century, and currently operates in Newcastle.[232][233] | |||
Warehouse | Aurora Fashions | Ladies' clothing | Co-founded by Jeff Banks, the business was purchased bt Sears plc. Sears was acquired by Philip Green and Warehouse was transferred to Arcadia Group. In 2002 a management buyout called Rubicon Retail purchased the business. In 2006 Mosaic Fashions took over Rubicon, but went into administration in 2009. A new management buyout called Aurora Fashions bought the business. | |||
Weird Fish | Private company | Men's, women's and childrenswear brand | Founded by Doug Tilling as a clothing manufacturer of artist T-shirts. In 1999 the business opened its first shops in Cardiff and Bath.[234] | |||
Welsh & Jefferies | James Cottrell | Men's tailoring | Founded in 1917 on the high street of Eton and became an established military tailor. | |||
Vivienne Westwood | Private company | British designer label | Founded by Vivienne Westwood after the break up of her partnership with Malcolm McClaren, the UK business was franchised to Hervia until 2013. | |||
What Katie Did | Private company | Ladies' lingerie | Founded by Katie Thomas by selling stockings, the brand first started as an online retailer before opening its first boutique in London's Portobello in 2003. The business now also operates a boutique in Los Angeles. | |||
Whistles | Private limited company | Ladies' clothing | Founded by Lucille Lewin. Bought by Mosaic Fashions in 2004. Sold to a business led by Jane Shepherdson in 2008. | |||
Whitcomb and Shaftesbury | Private company | Men's tailors | Founded by Indian brothers Mahesh and Suresh Ramakrishnan and named after the intersection of two nearby streets. | |||
White Stuff | Private company | Men's and women's fashion brand | Founded by George Treves and Sean Thomas as a clothing manufacturer aimed at skiers. The business changed focus away from the skying market and moved into selling their own goods. By 2014 they operated 85 shops and several concessions within the UK. | |||
Jack Wills | Jack Wills Ltd & Inflexion | Men's and ladies' clothing | Founded by Peter Williams and Robert Shaw at 22 Fore Street, Salcombe. Originally, it was heavily marketed towards university students, using the slogan and trademark 'University Outfitters' to reflect the inspiration behind the brand. The 'University Outfitters' slogan has slowly been replaced with the more favoured slogan 'Fabulously British'. | |||
Winfield Megashop | Private company | Outdoor clothing and footwear | Founded by Dale Winfield in the early 1960s as a market stall selling slippers.[235] | |||
Wolford | Public limited company | Lingerie retailer | Founded as a manufacturer of women's stockings in Austria. The business operates 66 stand alone shops, 10 shop in a shop and concessions in the UK.[236] | |||
Jack Wolfskin | The Blackstone Group | Outdoor wear Manufacturer and retailer | Jack Wolfskin is a major German producer of outdoor wear and equipment headquartered in Idstein. It was founded in 1981 and is now owned by the American company The Blackstone Group. Up to now there are more than 600 Jack Wolfskin-Shops worldwide (mid-2012). Almost all of them are organized in a franchise system. | |||
Wynsors World of Shoes | Courtesy Shoes Limited | Footwear retailer | Founded by Courtesy Shoes after opening a new shop in the former Wynsor House Discount Carpets shop in Thurcroft. The brand replaced all Courtsey Shoes former brand Medina Shoes. | |||
Yeomans Outdoors | Private company | Outdoor clothing and equipment | Founded in Chesterfield, Derbyshire by Walter Yeomans.[237] | |||
YMC | French Connection plc | Men's and ladies' clothing | Created as You Must Create (YMC) in 1995 by Fraser Moss and Jimmy Collins.[238] French Connection purchased the business during the late 1990s.[239] | |||
Yours Clothing | Private limited company | Ladies' clothing | Founded by Andrew Killingsworth in the early 80s. The shop sells plus size women's clothing.[240] | |||
Z Zenga | Ermenegildo Zegna | Italian designer brand | Founded by the Zenga family as a younger brand to the main Ermenegildo Zegna brand. | |||
Zara | Inditex | Men's, children's and ladies' clothing and footwear | Founded by Amancio Ortega in A Coruña, Galicia, Spain. Opened first UK shop in 1998.[241] | |||
Zee & Co Ltd. | Private company | Menswear | Menswear boutique with shops in Bow, Ilford and Loughton.[242] | |||
Aurora Royal Wholesale | Baby Clothes | Children's wholesale clothing shop in Walnuts Shopping Center,[244]Orpington. | ||||
Ermenegildo Zegna | Ermenegildo Zegna | Italian designer brand | Founded as a maker of fabrics in Italy after Ermenegildo Zegna bought his father's mill. | |||
Zilli | Private company | French designer menswear brand | Founded in 1965, the business is known for its leather jackets.[245] | |||
ZOOFASHIONS.COM | Private company | Menswear boutique | Menswear boutique based in Ilford since 1982.[246] | |||
Performance Work Clothing | 1997 | Uniform Express | 1 | Functional Workwear | Established back in 1997 when they discovered the Swedish workwear brand Fristads and introduced it to the UK's small businesses and self-employed. They offer a full range of workwear to help everyone find the right workwear for their unique job.[247] |
Defunct[edit]
Defunct clothing shops in UK | Image | Established in UK | Rebranded or closed | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Abbotts Phitt-Easy Ltd | Chain of shoe shops based mainly in London. In 1937 the business was purchased by K Shoes,[248] who completed a deal with Clarks and split the shops between them, with Clarks keeping eight. Clarks were not allowed to operate them under the Abbotts name, so chose the name Peter Lord. K Shoes operated the remaining shops under their own name. | |||
Adams Childrenswear | Founded by Amy Adams in Birmingham in 1933. Bought By Foster Brother Clothing Co in 1973. Fosters was purchased by Sears plc in 1983. In 1999 Sears was purchased by Sir Philip Green, and the Adams business was sold to a management buyout. The business went first into administration in 2006, being bought out by John Shannon. In 2008 Adams went into administration again and was brought out again by John Shannon. In 2009 the Adams business was sold to the investment group Habib Alvi. In 2010 the business went into administration for the third time and closed. | |||
Addley Bourne | Ladies clothing warehouse of the 19th century, originally based in Piccadilly but then later 174 Sloane Square, London.[249] | |||
Claude Alexander | Men's multiple tailor chain based in Scotland with 44 shops, who were bought by United Drapery Shops in 1951.[250] Became part of UDS Tailoring group, along with John Collier and Alexandre Tailors.[251] | |||
Alexandre Tailors | Founded as a manufacturer in 1906 by Samuel Henry Lyons in Templar Lane, Leeds.[252] In 1954 Alexandre was purchased from the family by UDS, with Lyon brothers Bernard and Jack taking on senior management roles at UDS before running the business. Alexandre became part of the UDS Tailoring group along with John Collier and Claude Alexander.[253] | |||
W. A. Allery | 19th-century tailors based in Soho Street, London.[254] | |||
Allsports | Chain of sports clothing shops started by David Hughes, which went into administration in 2005 with 267 shops – at the time the fourth largest sports chain.[255] JD Sports purchased the business from the administrator, including the remaining open 177 shops, which they aimed to run as a separate business.[256] However shops were either closed or eventually re-branded to JD Sports. | |||
Alpine Sports | Founded during the 1980s by JJB to concentrate on items for the climbing, hiking, and ski markets. Business was transferred to Blacks Leisure as part of the deal that saw Howard Sports join JJB.[257] Eventually became part of First Sport chain. | |||
Amber Ladieswear | Former ladieswear shop located in Briggate, Leeds.[258] | |||
Hardy Amies | Hardy Amies founded his fashion couture business in January 1946 in Savile Row. The business expanded into retail tailoring by selling its own branded goods. In 1973 the business was purchased by Debenhams, however Amies purchased the business back in 1981. In 2001 Luxury Brands Group purchased the business from Amies however by November 2008 it had gone into bankruptcy. The brand name was purchased by Fung Capital, but its 6 retail shops closed as they were not part of the purchase.[259] | |||
Apple Tailoring | Dandie Fashions opened its shop at 161 King's Road, Chelsea in October 1966. In 1968 The Beatles invested in Dandie renaming it Apple Tailoring, but it closed several months later after not making a profit | |||
John Archbold | Footwear shop based in Boar Lane, Leeds during the 19th century.[260] | |||
Arnold & Cordwell | 19th-century tailors and outfitters based in North End, Croydon.[261] | |||
Mike Ashley Sports | Founded by Mike Ashley in Maindenhead. In 1984 they changed the trading name to Preston Sports. | |||
Astral Sport & Leisure | Founded in 1955,[262] the sports retailer operated concessions within department stores. The business was purchased by House of Fraser in 1978 after getting into financial difficulty[263] and expanded it to include stand alone branches.[264] The business was purchased by Sears during the 1980s and incorporated into their Olympus chain. | |||
Harry Attwood | Clothing retailer owned by Great Universal Stores.[265] | |||
Ethel Austin | Started in Liverpool by Ethel Austin from her front room. The business stayed in the family until 2002, when it was purchased by a management buyout. In 2004, the business was bought by ABN-AMRO Capital, however the business entered administration for the first time in 2008. It was purchased by former MK One boss Elaine McPherson in May 2008, but went again into administration in 2010. It was saved again by Ashloch Ltd in 2011, but they went into administration in 2012. The company was liquidated in January 2013. | |||
Austin the Tailor | National chain of men's tailors with shops from Dundee, Scotland[266] to Basildon, England.[267][268] | |||
Bacon Shoes | Bacon Shoes was a subsidiary of Stylo plc and was dissolved in September 2009 after the collapse of its parent company.[269] | |||
Baileys Menswear | Menswear shop based in Briggate, Leeds during the 1970s.[270] | |||
James Baker | Small chain of shoe shops purchased by Clarks in 1977.[271] | |||
Bambers | Ladies' fashion shop that expanded in the 1960s.[272] | |||
Bank Shops | Founded by former Macclesfied footballer Andy Scott,[273] the business was bought by JD Sports in 2007.[274] In November 2014 the struggling business was sold to Hilco Capital, however in January 2015 the business was put into administration.[275] | |||
Kate Barnes | Retailer of ladies fashions based in Manchester Road, Burnley.[276][277] | |||
Barnett-Hutton | Chain of ladieswear shops owned by department store chain Hide & Co. Was merged with Tootals shops to create the Van Allen chain.[278] | |||
Baron of Piccadilly | Men's tailors based on Jermyn Street, London which closed due to the Eagle Place redevelopment by the Crown Estate.[280] The business had been owned by Welsh firm Morris Cowan,[281] owned by the father of actor Sacha Baron Cohen.[282] | |||
Barrance & Ford | Ladies' tailors opened by Charles Barrance & Robert White Ford in Hastings.[283] A further shop was added in Kings Road, Brighton in 1891. The Hastings shop became part of Plummer Roddis in the 1920s,[284] while the Brighton shop continued until the 1970s.[285] | |||
Barratts Shoes | Founded in Northampton, the business had grown to 150 branches by 1939.[286] The business was purchased by Stylo in 1964, who rebranded their shops under the Barratts name. During the 1990s they merged with rival Priceless shoes, however in 2009 Stylo went into administration. 220 Barratts and Priceless shops were closed, with the remaining 160 shops and 165 concessions being bought by Barratts Priceless Ltd. This however went ino administration in 2011, with Barretts Trading, another Michael Ziff vehicle purchasing 89 of Priceless and Barratts shops. This however went into administration in 2013, with 14 shops being sold to Pavers Shoes and the brand and website being sold to footwear entrepreneur Harvey Jacobsen. The Barratts name continues to operate online only. | |||
James Barrington | National fur chain shop.[287][288] | |||
Barringtons | National men's tailor chain[289][290][291] | |||
Bata Shoes | Founded in 1894 in Zlín, Moravia, by Tomáš Baťa, Bata opened a factory at East Tilbury in Essex with an attached workers town in 1932. Bata opened shops across the UK but grew largely after the Second World War when 'British Bata' was born.[292] Bata started closing their UK retail operations in the 1980s. | |||
Bay Trading Company | Originally a privately owned company, the business was purchased by Alexon Group in 1999. The business was put into administration in 2009, with a small number of shops and name being purchased by the Rinku Group. These subsequently closed. | |||
Bayne & Duckett | Small chain of shoe shops operating in Scotland purchased by Clarks and incorporated under the Clarks name.[293] | |||
Bazaar | Opened by Mary Quant, Plunket Greene and Archie McNair in Kings Road, London. Closed 1969 | |||
Beale & Inman | London High End Tailors based at 131–132 New Bond Street, which was purchased by Cecil Gee during the 1970s. In 1988 it became part of Moss Brothers Group, after the merge of Cecil Gee and Moss Brothers.[294] The business closed in 2007, with the shop being filled by Italian fashion house Corneliani.[295] | |||
John T. Beer | Men's tailors located at the junction of Boar Lane with Briggate in Leeds during the 19th Century. Building was demolished in 1867.[296] | |||
Benefit Shoes | Shoe retailer owned by the British Shoe Corporation.[297][298] | |||
Bensonshoe | Founded in 1917, the business was acquired by the Smith family in 1980. The business purchased rival brand Tylers in 1986, before rebranding to Discount Shoe Zone in 1996.[299] | |||
Berkertex | Founded by Leslie Berker as a clothing manufacturer, the business opened its first retail outlet within the Spooners department store in Plymouth. At one time they had over 2000 retail outlets.[300] The business went into administration in 1992[301] before the manufacturing business was purchased by Bairds.[302] | |||
Best Jeanswear | Founded in 1985 as Just Jeans, after 1990 the name was changed to Best Jeanswear. The Republic brand was launched in 1998. | |||
Bewise | Discount homeware and clothing retailer. Went into administration 2006. Some shops were purchased by new chain Shop Twenty One.[303] | |||
Biba | Biba started as a mail order business before opening their first shop in Kensington, London. The business opened further shops before creating Big Biba inside the former Derry & Toms department store in 1974. To help fund the business shares were sold to Dorothy Perkins, whose parent British Land saw the business worth less than the property. In 1975 the shop was closed, and the trademark sold off and used by a new business based in Mayfair from 1978 to 1980. Now owned by House of Fraser as one of their in house designer brands. | |||
The Big Label | Formerly QS Discount, owned by QS Shops. Owned five shops in Blackburn, Sale, Atherton, Warrington and Chorley. | |||
Bissington | Hatter and hosier that was based in Briggate, Leeds.[304][305] | |||
William Blackburn & Co | Founded in Leeds as a men's clothing manufacturer, they share the honour with Hepworths of being the first to open retail outlets to market its products. The business expanded to 30 shops and closed in the early 1960s.[306] | |||
Blades | Blades was a London fashion boutique established in 1962 by Rupert Lycett Green.Blades moved to Burlington Gardens in 1967, where the shop windows looked down on Savile Row itself.[1] The premises are now occupied by the tailors Ede & Ravenscroft. | |||
Blazer | Menswear shop created by Shophouse plc, which was purchased by Moss Brothers in 1996.[307] The chain was merged into its newly formed brand Code, in 2000, however by 2002 the Code brand had failed and Blazer returned as a clothing only brand within the Moss Brothers and Cecil Gee shops. | |||
J. E. Bloom & Co | 19th-century boys' outfitter based in High Holborn, London.[308] | |||
A. Booth and Sons | Men's tailors that operated at 143 Briggate, Leeds.[309] | |||
Boxfresh | Boxfresh is a clothing label which opened its own boutique in Covent Garden in 1992. Still operating as a clothing label but no longer as a retailer. | |||
W.Bradley | Furriers who were based in Dale Street, Manchester.[310] | |||
Bradleys of Chester | Men's outfitters originally based in Chester[311][312][313] | |||
Brantano | Founded in Belgium as a manufacturer of ladies' shoes, the UK business opened in 1998 after the purchase of the British Shoe Corporation's 47 Shoe City shops. Closed in 2017 after owners Alteri put the business into administration for the second time. | |||
Bricks Manshop | Chain of menswear shops that was taken on by sons Brian and Alex Brick, who rebranded the business as Suits You and sold their retail business SRG in 2005 for £30m.[314] The business was purchased by Egyptian group Arafa Holdings in 2008.[315] However the 66 shop business entered administration in October 2010,[316] 12 of the shops were purchased by the former owners and re-opened as Suit Direct.[317] | |||
British Home Stores | Founded in 1928 by American Entrepreneurs in Brixton to take on Woolworths. Business went public in 1933, and became part of Shophouse plc in 1986 after merging with Habitat and Mothercare. Went private again in 2000 after purchase by Sir Philip Green, who transferred the business to his Arcadia Group. Sold in 2015 to Retail Acquisitions for a nominal £1, the business entered administration in 2016 before closing. | |||
Albert Brooks | 19th-century milliner and fancy draper based in London at Westminster Bridge[318] that was declared bankrupt in 1891.[319] | |||
C&A | Founded in Holland as a textile manufacturer, opening their first shop in Amsterdam in 1906. Opened first UK shop in 1922. Closed UK operations in 2001 due to competition. Still operate in mainland Europe and Latin-America. | |||
Cable & Co | Shoe retailer owned by the British Shoe Corporation.[320] When Sears broke up the corporation during the 1990s, Cable was sold to the United States company Nine West.[321] | |||
Calders Menswear | Menswear shop based in Cardiff. Owned by the father of Sacha Baron Cohen along with Barons of Piccadilly in London and Morris Cowan in Newport. The company went into liquidation in December 2013.[322] | |||
Calverts of Runcorn | Fashion & Haberdashery shop based in Runcorn.[323][324] | |||
Camping and Caravanning Centre | Founded as the Camping & Caravaning Centre in Sheffield, the business began renaming itself Go Outdoors from 2004.[325] | |||
Capstick & Hamer | Retailer and manufacturer of Furs based in North Parade, Bradford and Albert Road, Morecambe.[326] | |||
Cargo Club | A British version of Costco run by Nurdin & Peacock at 3 sites in Croydon, Birmingham and Bristol.[327] The operation was closed due to lack of membership renewals and shops purchased by Sainsburys. | |||
Cash Clothing of Leicester | Men's outfitters that expanded between the 1890s and the WW1.[328] | |||
Champion Sports | Chain of Sports shops created by Burton Group.[329] Purchased by Cobra Sports in 1993. | |||
Chanelle | Chain of ladies' fashion shops owned by department store group J J Allen. | |||
M. Chapman | 19th-century merchant tailors based on the London Road, near the Elephant & Castle, London.[330] | |||
Chas.Baker & Co | Gentlemen's and boys outfitters that opened in Seven Sisters in 1864 and expanded across London until the business collapsed in 1939 with the start of the war.[331][332] | |||
Cheapjacks | National clothing retailer[333][334] owned by Peter Millett Group,[335][336] which closed in the 1990s with the collapse of the parent company. | |||
The Chelsea Cobbler | Opened in Chelsea by Richard Smith, Amanda Wilkins and George Macfarlane. The business slowly expanded with shops opening in the West End and Harrods. In 1976 the business was bought by rival Rayne, who was purchased by Debenhams in 1978. The business was sold on by Burtons in 1987 before becoming part of US group Nine West in 1993. The Chelsea Cobbler brand was relaunched in 2009 by Dune, with three shops opening, however these have since closed or rebranded and the name is only a range sold by Dune. | |||
Chelsea Girl | Founded by Bernard Lewis under the name Lewis Separates, the business changed name to Chelsea Girl in 1965. In 1988 it merged with its menswear operation Concept Man to form River Island, with all shops rebranded by 1991. | |||
Chilli Pepper | Teenage aimed fashion shop which went into administration in 2011.[337] | |||
Ciro Citterio | Menswear chain that purchased rvials Horne Brothers, Oakland Menswear and Dunn & Co, that went into administration several times[338] with the chain finally collapsing in May 2005.[339] | |||
Clobber | Founded by Jeff Banks in Blackheath and showcased design by Ossie Clark and Mary Quant amongst others, the business expanded by opening concessions within Fenwicks Newcastle shop and supplying Bloomingdales in the United States. Jeff Banks sold the business in 1969 to start his own Fashion Label.[340] | |||
Clysdale Rubber Company | Founded as a retailer of raincoats, in 1930 William Greaves took over the business and turned it into a multi sports shop operating under the Greaves Sports name.[341] | |||
Cobra Sports | Family owned chain that was purchased by JD Sports in 2000.[342] | |||
Code | Created by Moss Brothers to take on the menswear casual market. Code stood for 'Casualwear, Office, Dressing up, and Essentials',[343] The business took on shops from the Savoy Taylors Guild & Blazer brands, however it failed and was closed down in 2002. | |||
Coles | Chain of menswear shops that was wound up in 1993.[344][345] | |||
John Collier | Created by United Drapery Shops in 1958 by renaming Fifty Shilling Tailors. Was purchased by Hanson as part of UDS in 1983. A short lived management buyout saw the name changed to plain Collier before being sold on to Burtons in 1985, with the brand being discontinued. | |||
Concept Man | Concept Man was a menswear operation, the brother of Chelsea Girl and opened in 1982. The business was merged in 1988 to form River Island, with all shops re-branded by 1991.[346] | |||
Contessa Lingerie | National lingerie change purchased by disgraced finacier Stephen Hinchliffe for his failed business Facia. After the collapse of Facia, Theo Paphitis bought the business in 1996.[347] In 2006 he sold Contessa along with his other underwear firm La Senza UK to Lion Capital, who merged Contessa shops into La Senza. | |||
Courtesy Shoes | Courtesy Shoes started as a small trader on market stalls, before moving into shops. in the 1960s the business bought Lees of Leeds and Seftons, small footwear chains based in Yorkshire and changed the operating name to Medina Shoes. Courtesy Shoes continues to be the parent companies name and currently operates under the Wynsors World of Shoes name. | |||
Morris Cowan | Men's tailors based in Queen Street, Cardiff & Commercial Street, Newport. Business also owned the London establishment Barons of Piccadilly.[348] | |||
R Crabb & Co | 19th-century merchant tailors and outfitters based in Westminster Bridge Road, London.[349] | |||
Crazy Jeans | Small jeans chain in Bristol and Bath that based its operation on London business Dickie Dirts.[350] | |||
W. Creamer & Co | Furrier that was based in Bold Street, Liverpool.[351] | |||
Cresta Shops | 1979 | Chain of ladieswear shops started by former Berkertex director Eric Crabtree. At one time it had 71 shops and was the largest high-class fashion chain in the world.[352] Purchased by Debenhams, it was closed as a stand-alone business in 1979.[353] | ||
Cripps, Sons & Co | Ladies' dressmakers based in Bold Street, Liverpool.[354] The building was commissioned by John Cripp in 1860.[355] The business closed down during the early 1970s.[356] | |||
Cromwells Madhouse / Madhouse | Founded in 1971, the jeans retailer expanded by the millennium to 56 shops in the South East and the Midlands.[358] In 2004 the business was bailed out by Sports Direct, who sold the business onto Melvyn Reiss and Stephen Mucklow.[359] They put the business into administration in 2009, buying the business back in a pre-packed deal. The name was changed to just Madhouse, but it went into administration again in 2012.[360] | |||
John Cruickshank & Co. | 19th-century outfitters based in Shaftesbury Avenue, London.[361] | |||
Cult Clothing | Founded by Ian Hibbs and Julian Dunkerton in Cheltenham, the business expanded during the 1990s in a number of UK university towns and cities. The business opened its first Superdry shop in Covent garden in 2004, and all Cult Clothing shops were renamed. | |||
Curtess Shoes | Founded by Harry Levison, the business was purchased by Freeman, Hardy Willis in 1954[362] Fortress was renamed to Curtess Shoes by Levison, who was given management of the British Shoe Corporation by Charles Clore. In 1996 Sears sold Curtess to entrepreneur Stephen Hinchliffe and his business Facia.[363] A year later the business collapsed along with the rest of Hinchliffe's business empire. | |||
d2 Jeans | Men's and ladies' fashion shop started by Sir Tom Hunter. Went into administration twice, in 2009 and 2011.[364] 20 shops were purchased in 2011 by Blue Inc. | |||
Damart | Founded in France as a manufacturer of thermal clothing, the UK retail operations have now closed with only online sales now available to UK customers. | |||
Dandie Fashions | Dandie Fashions opened its shop at 161 King's Road, Chelsea in October 1966. In 1968 The Beatles invested in Dandie renaming it Apple Tailoring. | |||
Dapper Women | Designer boutique based in St Nicholas Street and Huntriss Row, Scarborough that closed in 2011.[365] | |||
Dash | Fashion brand started in 1982, which at one time operated shops and concessions across the UK.[366] | |||
Geoffrey Davis | Small menswear shop in Golders Green, London which was owned by David Gold, of Carnaby Street Lord John fame.[367] | |||
Dorothy Dearnaley | Ladies' clothing shop that was located on Newport Street, Bolton.[368] | |||
Designer Rooms | Ladies' fashion brand with 10 shops put into liquidation in 2010.[369] | |||
Dickie Dirts | Founded in an old cinema in Fulham by Nigel Wright,[370] the jeans retailer started the parallel importing business in the UK. The business expanded to have shops in Camberwell,[371] Westbourne Grove,[372] and Stratford.[373] | |||
Discount Shoe Zone | Founded as Bensonshoe in 1917, the business changed its name to Discount Shoe Zone in 1996.[374] The business changed its name again in 2001 to Shoe Zone. | |||
Dixon Sports | North East Based sports retailer who went into liquidation in 2002, with 6 of the shop being purchased by Gilesports, including its shop in the Gateshead Metro Centre.[375][376] | |||
George Doland | Chain of tailor shops established in the South West of London, which grew into a National Chain.[377] | |||
Dolcis Shoes | The company began life on a street barrow in 1863 when John Upson started to sell his shoes on Woolwich Town Market, opening its first shop in Woolwich as the Great Boot Provider. Dolcis name appeared above the door during the 1920s. Owned by Sears since the 1950s, the business was sold off by them in 1998. Went into administration in 2008. | |||
Dormie | Menswear retailer purchased by Moss Bros in 1992. | |||
Dunn & Co. | Dunn & Co. was founded in 1887 by George Arthur Dunn, a Quaker, who started by selling hats on the streets of Birmingham. In 1991 the business was in trouble and sold to Hodges, but in 1994 a majority stake was sold to venture capitalists CinVen. This was short lived and in 1996 the business was purchased by Citto Citterio. | |||
Kenneth Durward | Coat shop based in Conduit Street, London.[378][379] Became part of the Aquascutum group.[380] | |||
Easiephit | Retail name of Greenlees & Sons, a shoe manufacturer based in Leicester.[381] | |||
Peter Eastwood | Men's outfitters based in 61 Vicar Lane, Leeds.[382] | |||
J Edwards & Sons | Footwear shop located in Deansgate, Manchester as well as Guildhall Street, Preston (previously R. Jamieson).[383] Business closed suddenly in 2015 with no explanation.[384] In its latter years it was associated with the firm Christmas & Clemence of Bolton and Southport | |||
Eisenegger | Discount men's fashion shop started c.1990s. Went into administration in 2005 and closed.[385] | |||
Elangol | Chain of 160 shops which has Eastex shops within them.[386] | |||
Elisabeth of Colne | Ladies' boutique based in Colne, Lancashire during the 1950s.[387] | |||
Enoch Edge | Shoe shop based in King Street, Lancaster during the 1950s, with the grand title of Shoe Fitters.[388] | |||
Envy | Founded in 1960, the menswear chain was purchased by John Kinnaird from Alexon Retail in February 2008,[389] before he completed a pre-package deal with his new vehicle Envy Retail Ltd in Dec 2008.[390] In 2010 John Kinnaird sold the business to a consortium of private equity investors including the boss of SKG Capital, Chris Althorp-Gormlay, however the business was put into administration a month later and all 18 shops were closed.[391] | |||
Etam | Founded by Max Lindemann in 1916,[392] the UK and French Etams were separate companies until the French Etam Developpement purchased Etam UK from Stanley Lewis and his family for £97m in 1997. Purchased by Philip Green's Arcadia group, with shops converted to Arcadia brands or closed.[393] Since 2011 the Etam brand has returned to the UK.[394] | |||
Faith | Started by Samuel Faith and his wife, the business grew to 72 stand alone shops and separate concessions in many of Britains department store chains. In 2004 the Faith family sold the business to Bridgepoint Capital, but entered administration in 2008 before being purchased by John Kinnaird. The business again entered administration in 2010, with all shops closing. Debenhams bought the Faith brand and all the 115 concessions within their shops. | |||
The Famous Brunswick Warehouse | Brand name of a chain of shoe warehouses operated by North Shoes. The business was purchased by Brown & Jackson, the owners of Poundstretcher in 1999,[395] before all 27 shops becoming part of Brantano in 2003.[396] | |||
Famous Army Stores | Outdoor clothing and camping equipment shops based in Garston, Liverpool, UK. After a management buyout in 1996, rapidly grew from 100 to 200 shops before going into administration in 2002. 47 shops were purchased by Blacks Leisure but the name was discontinued.[397] | |||
John Farmer | Family owned footwear multiple which was bought by UDS in 1982.[398] Hanson sold the near 100 strong chain to Clarks during the breakup of UDS.[399] In the late 1980s the brand was incorporated into Clarks and shops were re-branded or closed.[400] | |||
Fenchurch | Started as a clothing brand. In 2005 the brand opened its first shop in Covent Garden, London. In 2011 the business went into administration, and the business was purchased by JD Sports. | |||
Harry Fenton | Men's tailors chain, loved by the mods in the 1960s.[401] In 1980 footballer Kevin Keegan fronted the advertising campaign for the chain.[402] The business was sold by its owner, Combined English Shops in 1984 to the Burton Group who converted or closed shops.[403] | |||
Fifty Shilling Tailors | Founded in Leeds by Henry Price of Price Tailors Ltd. Business had over 399 shop in the UK. Was purchased by United Drapery Shops in 1954[404] and the shop was rebranded John Collier. | |||
First Sport | Chain of 187 sports shops[405] created by Blacks Leisure by merging its purchased sports shops.[406] It was purchased by JD Sports in 2002. | |||
E Fletcher of Rochdale | Ladies' outfitters based in Rochdale during the 1950s.[407] | |||
Flip | Importer of American vintage clothing that operated three shops in London – Convent Garden, Kings Road and Shoeditch. Closed in 1985.[408] | |||
Martin Ford | Ladies' clothing retailer that operated during 60s and 70s[409][410] | |||
Fortress Shoe Company | Founded by Harry Levison, the business was purchased by Freeman, Hardy Willis in 1954[411] Fortress was renamed to Curtess Shoes by Levison, who was given management of the British Shoe Corporation by Charles Clore. In 1996 Sears sold Curtess Shoes to entrepreneur Stephen Hinchliffe and his business Facia.[412] A year later the business collapsed along with the rest of Hinchliffe's business empire. | |||
Foster Brothers | Founded in Birmingham in 1876 as Foster Brothers Clothing company. Purchased Adams Childrenswear in 1973. Firm sold to Sears plc in 1983. Name changed to Fosters Trading Company. Sold by Sears to d2 Jeans in 1998. | |||
Freeman, Hardy and Willis | The shoe retailer was established in 1875 and was named after three employees of the company. In 1929 it was purchased by Sears and became part of its subsidiary the British Shoe Corporation. In 1996 the British Shoe Corporation converted half of the 540 FHM branches into Hush Puppies, selling the remaining off to an entrepreneur Stephen Hinchliffe and his business Facia.[414] A year later the business collapsed along with the rest of Hinchliffe's business empire. | |||
Herbie Frogg | Men's Tailors opened in 1969 and were based in Jermyn Street, London.[415][416] | |||
Frontier Shoes | Founded by former Famous Brunswick and Cobra Sports boss Mark Blackburn in 2003, the shoe shop chain had at its height five shops.[417] In 2007 Mark Blackburn sold the business to Mark Turner, however the shops have since closed. | |||
Furmans Shoes | Northern based chain of shoe shops. | |||
Gamlen Brothers | 19th-century outfitters based in Devonport, Devon.[418] | |||
Gardiner & Co. | 19th-century men's outfitters based in Commercial Road and Whitechapel, London.[419] | |||
Cecil Gee | Founded in 1929 by Cecil Gee as a menswear retailer,[420] the business merged with Moss Brothers in 1988.[421] In 2012 Moss Brothers sold the remaining eight shops to JD Sports for £1.7 million.[422] JD Sports renamed the shops under the Tessuti brand later in 2012.[423] | |||
Gelert | Founded in Bryncir in Gwynedd, the outdoor clothing and camping business was named the dog Gelert of Prince Llywelyn the Great, who was Prince of Gwynedd. The business went into administration in 2013 and was purchased by Sports Direct. It now operates as a brand only within the Sports Direct empire. | |||
General Clothing Shops | Cornish clothing shop originally based in Penzance and purchased by the Chadwick family during the 1970s.The Chadwick family changed the business name to Seasalt in 2001.[424] | |||
Genesis | Ladies' casual wear chain started by Berkertex, which was incorporated into Windsmoor by Bairds after they purchased the brand out of administration in 1992.[425] | |||
Ghinns Ltd | Founded in 1889 as a drapery shop in Peckham Rye.[426] Became incorporated in 1933. Operated as Ghinns Wools – a wool and ladieswear shop. Purchased by McGeochs in 1970.[427] | |||
Gilesports | Founded by Henry C Giles in 1925, and expanded to cover shops across Wales, the South West and the Midlands. In 2002 Gilesport bought 6 shops of Dixon Sports based in the North East.[428] In 2006 the 80 shop chain was purchased by Sports World International for a deal worth £10m.[429] | |||
Gio-Goi | Founded as a fashion brand in 1988, the business closed due to a legal challenge by Giorgio Armani over the name. The name was relaunced in 2005, with Pentland group buying 20 percent in 2008. The first retail shop was opened in Union Square, Aberdeen in 2010. The business went into administration in 2013 and was purchased by JD Sports, where it became a brand only. | |||
Glass and Black | Founded by fashion designer Kiki Byrne, initially in Sloane Square, London before moving to Kings Road. During the mid 1960s the business shut after its purchase by Jaegar. | |||
Goldrange | Factory outlet shop in Petticoat Lane founded by Warren & David Gold of Lord John (Carnaby Street) fame. Replaced by The Big Red Building.[430] | |||
Granditer Menswear | Founded by Morris Granditer as a small tailoring shop in Canning Town, London. By the 1970s the menswear name had been dropped and shops selling men's fashion had opened up across London. In 1992 the name was changed to Base.[431] | |||
Granny Takes a Trip | Granny Takes a Trip was a boutique opened in February 1966 at 488 Kings Road, Chelsea, London, by Nigel Waymouth, his girlfriend Sheila Cohen and John Pearse.In late 1969, Cohen and Waymouth sold the business to London fashion entrepreneur Freddie Hornik, who had previously worked at Chelsea's Dandie Fashions. Shops were open in New York & Los Angeles. The London shop closed in 1979. | |||
Great Eastern Clothing Depot | 19th-century outfitters and tailors run by James Peters from Shoreditch, London.[432] | |||
Griffith Brothers | Menswear outfitters started in the 19th century in Brentford, and had 22 branches by 1928.[433] | |||
J. H. Grimwade & Sons | Ipswich Tailors located on The Cornhills and was an agent for Jaegar.[434] | |||
Edward Grove | 19th-century tailors based in Lower Marsh, Lambeth, London.[435] | |||
Hammells | Ladies' retailer of the 1970s and 80s that specialised in larger sizes | |||
Hanan-Gingell Shoe Company | The retail arm of the Hanan Shoe Company, which opened in 1888[436] and was based at 328–332 Oxford Street, London.[437][438] | |||
C.J. Hardy and Co | Outfitters based in Boar Lane, Leeds during the 1930s.[439] | |||
Hargreaves Sports | Sports shop group based in South East that was purchased by Sports Direct. | |||
Hartley | Retail chain based in north of England purchased by Parkash Singh Chima along with Wiltex to form Bonmarché. | |||
Ann Harvey | Chain of shops and concessions selling plus sized ladies' clothing. In 2011 owner Jacques Vert closed the retail business and concentrated on concessions,[440] before closing the business completely in 2013.[441] The name was revived by Bonmarche as a range within their shops in 2014 | |||
Hawes & Sons | Ipswich clothing shop based in Tacket Street prior to the widening of the road.[442] | |||
C. Hayman | Ladies' and girls' 19th-century dressmakers based in Newington Causeway, London.[443] | |||
Alan Hayton Boy's Shop | Boys' outfitters based at 115 Deansgate, Bolton.[444] The business was struck of the companies register in 1975.[445] | |||
Elizabeth Hebden | Ladieswear shop which was based in Manchester Road, Nelson.[446] | |||
Henderson Sports | Chain of sport shops purchased by J M Millets during the 1970s.[447] | |||
Henri Gowns | Gown manufacturer that retailed their wares from a showroomm at 39/42 New Bond Street, London[448] and was wound up in 1975.[449] | |||
Joseph Hepworth & Son | Founded in Leeds by Joseph Hepworth & James Rhodes and became Britain's largest clothing manufacturer. Started selling from retail shops in the 1880s. Purchased Kendall & Sons in 1982, and in 1983 relaunched Kendalls under the Next brand. In 1984 all Hepworth shops were rebranded Next. | |||
Higgs Leather | Founded by James William Higgs in London, the business was moved to Westcliff on Sea before opening in Southend on Sea in 1969. Announced that the shop would close in 2017, however they would continue to operate online.[450] | |||
Hilton Shoes | Founded by Stephen Hilton as a manufacturer and retailer in Leicester, by 1892 he had 40 shops.[451] The business was purchased by Olivers and incorporated into the Oliver group.[452] | |||
T. Hinde & Son | Ladies show shop based in Manchester and Liverpool[453] | |||
Hipps | Founded in Leeds in the early 1900s, by 1914 it had 70 shops nationwide selling menswear. By 1932 it had 100 shops and was the fourth largest of the multiple tailors. In 1960 was purchased by Headrow Clothes, a rival manufacturer, who in turn was purchased by Great Universal S in 1962. Hipps was run as an independent group within Great Universal until its closure during the early 1970s.[454] | |||
Hodges & Sons | Founded in South Wales as a tailors.[455] In 1991 purchased national chain Dunn & Co however this was short lived and in 1994 the business was sold to venture capitalists CinVen,[456] Published 1996-12-20; Retrieved 2011-11-18</ref> with Hodges shops being rebranded under the Dunn name. | |||
Holbourne (Fashions) Ltd | Ladies' outfitters based in Old Bond Street & High Holborn, London, as well as shops in Plymouth and Portsmouth.[457] The business was wound up in 1940.[458] | |||
Hope Brothers | Founded by Thomas Peacock as a shirt manufacturer in Littleport. The business expanded becoming a multiple tailor,[459] purchasing high end London chain Howard Powe in 1954.[460] The business was purchased by Great Universal Stores during the 1950s and was converted into the Just Pants Plus business during the 1970s. | |||
Horne Brothers | Founded in London as a tailors, it had by 1938 15 branches[461] and a factory at 45–65 King Edward Road in Cambridge Heath, London. In 1987 the business was purchased by Sears.[462] However, in the 1990s it was sold to Ciro Citterio, whom went into administration in the early 2000s. The business was purchased by several owners, however finally closed with 37 branches in 2011.[463] | |||
House | Brand created by Cromwells Madhouse to sell more upmarket clothing.[464] | |||
House of Holland | South of England-based discount department store went into administration late 80s.[465] | |||
Howard Sports | Chain of 11 north west based sport shops[466] purchased by JJB from Blacks Leisure in 1988. Part of the deal saw Alpine Sports go to Blacks.[467] | |||
Thomas Howell | 19th-century ladies' outfitters based in Kennington Cross, London[468] | |||
Howies | Founded in Wales as a manufacturer of eco-friendly clothing, the business operated a shop in Carnaby Street until December 2011. Continues to operate as a manufacturer. | |||
Hung on You | Hung on You was a London fashion boutique, run by the designer Michael Rainey, particularly known for flowery shirts and kipper ties in bold colours. Rainey's customers included the Rolling Stones, the Beatles, the Kinks and the actor Terence Stamp. The business closed in 1966 when the lease was sold. | |||
Hunt & Winterbotham | Woollen clothing manufacturer that started in c.1800,[469] and opened its own boutique in Old Bond Street, London.[470] | |||
Benjamin Hyam & Co | Clothing manufacturer and outfitter that was based in Oxford Street, London[471] with branches in Birmingham, Wolverhampton, Leeds[472] and Dewsbury. David Lewis, who started Lewis department store did his apprenticeship with Hyams.[473] | |||
I Was Lord Kitchener's Valet | Founded by Ian Fisk and John Paul at 293 Portobello Road, Notting Hill, London. Among the shop's customers were Eric Clapton, Mick Jagger John Lennon and Jimi Hendrix. Further shops opened in Carnaby Streer, Piccadilly and Kings Road during 1967. Partnership dissolved in summer 1967, and Portebello Road shop became Injun Dog head-shop. Last I Was Lord Kitchener's Valet shop closed in 1977. | |||
The International Fur Shop | 19th century furriers based at 163 & 198 Regents Street, London.[474] | |||
Internacionale | Founded as a retail business in 1980 by Ken Cairnduff, the business grew into the name Internacionale. Went into administration for a third time in 2014 and closed. The name was purchased by Edinburgh Woollen Mills. | |||
Ipswich Boot & Shoe Warehouse | 19th century retailer, with branches in Chelmsford and Halstead.[475][476] | |||
Italian Suit Company | Formal menswear retail chain that went into liquidation in 2014.[477] | |||
The Ivy Shop | Founded in Richmond, London by John Simmons, the man who is widely recognised as coining the term Harrington for the Baracuta G9 jacket,[478] The shop closed in January 1995 after being known as the home of Ivy League college boy look.[479] | |||
Edmund Jackson | Menswear retailer that was based in the Market buildings in Vicar Lane, Leeds.[480] | |||
Jackson the Tailor | Founded in 1906 by M. Jackson in Newcastle as a manufacturer of menswear and branched out into retail.[481] Merged with larger rival Burtons in 1954. At one time it had 550 shops across the UK.[482] The shops were integrated into Burtons during the 1970s.[483] | |||
Jonathan James | Mansfield based shoe retailer that closed its branches in December 2012.[484] | |||
R. Jamieson | Footwear retailer based in Guildhall Street, Preston taken over by J. Edwards & Sons.[485] | |||
Jaymax | Northern clothing chain with nine shops founded by John Hargreaves, who later went on to create Matalan.[486] | |||
Jays | Clothing retailer owned by Great Universal Stores.[487] | |||
Jean Jeanie | Chain of 65 shops saved by Sir Philip Green in 1985 for £65,000. Six months later he sold the business to Lee Cooper for £3m.[488] | |||
Jean Junction | Founded in 1971 by Thomas Lonsdale on the corner of Kings Road and Chelsea Manor Street, London. Lonsdale bought jeans over from California, against the wishes of local wholesalers.[489] The shop expanded into the UK's first chain of denimwear shops.[490] | |||
JJB Sports | The original JJB sports shop was established by John Jarvis Broughton in the early 1900s and later was purchased by John Joseph Bradburn. It was expanded and incorporated in 1971, when ex-footballer and supermarket chain operator Dave Whelan acquired a single sports shop in Wigan and immediately opened a second sports goods outlet in his Sutton, St Helens, supermarket. In 1994 the business was floated, and in 1998 it bought its rival Sports Division. By 2005 the business had 430 shops, and in 2007 Dave Whelan sold his last shares to Icelandic financial group Exista and Chris Ronnie. In 2009 the business was put into administration and closed. | |||
Johnsons | Men's boutique based in Kensington and World's End.[491] | |||
Johnsons the Modern Outfitter | Boutique clothing shop founded by Lloyd Johnson. | |||
J Jones | Costumier and furrier based that was based in Boar Lane, Leeds.[492] | |||
Just Add Water | Chain of ten outdoor clothing shops purchased by Blacks in 2003 | |||
Just Jeans | Founded in 1985 as Just Jeans, after 1990 the name changed to Best Jeanswear. The Republic brand was launched in 1998. | |||
Just Pants Plus | Chain created by Great Universal Stores by rebranding several of their traditional chains, including Hope Brothers.[493][494] | |||
K Shoes | Founded by Robert Miller Somervell as a shoemaking accessories merchant and leather factory in Kendall, Cumbria, the business grew into a manufacturing company called Somervell Brothers in 1848. The K brand was created as uppers and soles were being put together at home by workers, who some had been subsidising materials. Because of this each sole was marked, but instead of S for sole, someone picked up the K stamp. During the 1930s the company took on several failing retail agents, but it was not until the purchase and splitting up of Abbotts in 1937, did the K Shoe Shop appear. By 1980 the business had 230 branches in the UK, and agreed to a merger with Clarks in 1981 to starve off a takeover from another company. During the 1990s the K Shoe Shop brand was closed down due to tightening financial worries.[495] | |||
Karrimor | Started as the retail arm of outdoor clothing firm Karrimor International. When Karrimor International was sold by its owners 21 Invest in 1999, the retail firm was retained and renamed Mountain Warehouse. | |||
Keevan | Men's outfitters based in London, with the shop famously being in the background of the Kinks' 'Come Dance with Me' video filmed at Hornsey Street, London in 1983. | |||
Kendall & Sons Ltd | Started in 1870 as an umbrella manufacturer, before moving into rainwear and ladies' clothing ranges in the 20th century. Purchased by Combined English Shops in 1977, and sold to Joseph Hepworth & Son in 1982. Rebranded and relaunched as Next in 1983. | |||
King, Malcolm & Co | Retailer and manufacturer of Waders and Waterproof coats in Victorian Britain, based in Leicester Square, London.[496] | |||
Kookai | Started as a fashion label in France. UK franchise (owned by Forminster) went into administration in 2006 with 25 shops and 30 concessions.[497] Was bought by Kookai's parent company Groupe Vivarte. In 2013 the parent company decided to close its UK business.[498] | |||
J. B. Ladbury | 19th-century ladies' costumier based in Borough and Islington, London.[499] | |||
Lady Jane | First ladies' fashion boutique opened in Carnaby Street.[500] | |||
John Laing | Menswear chain based in the north of England.[501] | |||
John Laing & Co | Dumfries and Carlisle-based chain of footwear shops.[502] | |||
Lane & Robinson | A shoe shop based in Whiteladies Road, Bristol which was purchased by Clarks in 1935.[503] | |||
Lavand | Spanish clothing brand that opened its first UK shop in London in 2013.[504] Business now operates online in the UK. | |||
George H. Lavey & Company | Men's tailors founded in 1882.[505] Bought by A. C. Millett & Co (Millets) in 1964.[506] | |||
LD Mountain Centre | Founded by Peter Lockey and Gordon Davison as LD Mountain Centre in Newcastle upon Tyne. In 1972 they launched their own brand of clothing called Berghaus to sell in their shop. In 1993 Pentland Group purchased the business. | |||
Le Pop | 1980s ladies' retailer.[507] | |||
Lee Brothers (Overwear) Ltd | 1950s ladies' outfitters based in Conduit Street, London.[508] | |||
Lees of Leeds | Small chain of footwear shops located in Leeds area, purchased by Courtesy Shoes in the 1960s and rebranded under the Medina Shoes brand. | |||
Lewis & Co | 19th-century ladies' costumiers based in Westminster Bridge Road, London and Croydon.[509] | |||
Lewis Separates | Founded by Bernard Lewis under the name Lewis Separates, the business changed name to Chelsea Girl in 1965. In 1988 it merged with its menswear operation Concept Man to form River Island, with all shops being re-branded by 1991. | |||
Lilley & Skinner | Thomas Lilley opened his first shoe shop in Southwark, London in 1835.[510] In 1881 William Banks Skinner joined the firm and the business name changed to Lilley & Skinner. In 1953 the business merged with rival the Saxone Shoe Company, however the business was purchased by Sears owned British Shoe Corporation in 1962. During the 1990s Sears broke up and sold off the shoe brands it owned, with Lilley & Skinner being purchased by Stead & Simpson. However Stead & Simpson went into administration in 2008[511] and was purchased by Shoe Zone which converted shops to their branding or closed them. | |||
Littlewoods | Founded as a football pools company in 1923 by John Moores, the business expanded into mail order retailing in 1932. The first shop opened in 1937. By 1982 the business was the largest private company in Europe,[512] and one time was the largest family owned firm in the UK.[513] In 2002 the retail business was sold by the Moores family to David & Frederick Barclay for £750m. In 2005 the 119 shops were closed, with 40 sold to Primark owner ABF. | |||
Cyril Livingston | Ladiewear retailer of the 1970s based in Briggate, Leeds.[514] | |||
The London Corset Company | 19th and early 20th century corset maker based at 28 New Bond Street, London.[515] | |||
Lord John | Founded in Carnarby Street by brothers, Warren, Harold and David Gold. The men's fashion boutique sold clothes that were designed for the 'mods' of the era.[516] The business went on to grow to 30 shops before being sold off.[517] | |||
Peter Lord | Clarks renamed the Abbotts chain of shoe shops based in London, creating the name Peter Lord not to scare their agents. Name continued to be used until the 1990s. | |||
Lotus Shoes | Founded as shoe manufacturer by parent company Edwin Bostock & Co. Ltd., the business outgrew its parent, and with the merger of Edwin and Frederick Bostock's business' they used the Lotus Ltd name for the company.[518] The retail side of the business started in 1926 with the purchase of 4 retail shops, which wee operated under its subsidiary Lotus and Delta Ltd. In the 1970s the Bostock family ended their affiliation with the company, with Debenhams purchasing the business in 1973. Debenhams' owners, the Burton group sold the business to the Fii group in 1986. The business now operates as a manufacturer and online retailer. | |||
Luget Brothers | Founded by two Huguenot brothers in Exeter, the bespoke tailoring business finally closed its doors in 2015.[519] | |||
Lumleys | Founded by boxing promoter Alan Lumley as a sports shop, it was purchased by the Greaves family in 1959.[520] In the 1980s the name was changed to Greaves. | |||
M & J Sports and Leisure | Small sports shop chain based in South Essex created by former Southend United player, Mike Beesley after buying out H. W. Stone.[521] | |||
Mackays | Founded by McGeoch family as pawnbrokers in Paisley, Renfrewshire. Converted to clothing in 1953. In 1973 adopted Mackays name. M&Co brand launched in 2003, with all shops being rebranded by 2007. | |||
Maison Jays | 19th century ladies costumier and milliner based in Regent Street, London.[522] | |||
Manfield Shoes | Founded in Northampton as a manufacturer and retailer of footwear, the business was purchased by Sears in 1956, and at the time had over 200 shops.[523] In 1996 it sold Manfield Shoes to entrepreneur Stephen Hinchliffe and his business Facia.[524] A year later the business collapsed along with the rest of Hinchliffe's business empire. | |||
T.Manley | 19th-century tailors based in Westminster Bridge Road, London.[525] | |||
Marcus Shops Ltd | Men's outfitters with 15 shops, purchased by J. M. Millets in 1973.[526] | |||
Alfred Marsh | 19th-century clothier and outfitter with shops in Market Street, Harwich & Key Street, Ipswich. Declared bankrupt in 1881.[527] | |||
Masters | Manufacturer and retailer of men's clothing, purchased by Great Universal Stores.[528] | |||
Mates | Founded by Irvine Sellar on Carnaby Street, as what he called the first unisex fashion boutique in Britain.[529] The business expanded to have shops nationwide and had 24 shops by 1969. Irvine Sellars sold the business and went into property development, famously leading the company that developed the Shard. | |||
Maxwells | Leeds based clothing shop that was located on Vicar Lane.[530] | |||
Mayron | Chain of ladies' fashion shops owned by department store group J J Allen. | |||
MC Sports | Chain of sport shops purchased by Blacks, and became part of First Sport.[531] | |||
McGeoch | Founded by McGeoch family as pawnbrokers in Paisley, Renfrewshire. Converted to clothing in 1953. In 1973 adopted Mackays name. M&Co brand launched in 2003, with all shops being rebranded by 2007. | |||
McGurk Sports | North East based sports retailer voluntary wound up in 2013.[532] | |||
Meakers | Chain of men's tailors founded by Benjamin Meaker and Edgar Jesse.[533][534] | |||
Medina Shoes | Brand created by Courtesy Shoes to operate their Courtesy Shoes, Skelton and Lees of Leeds shops. The brand name was eventually replaced by Wynsors World of Shoes, also operated by Courtesy Shoes. | |||
Merc Clothing | Founded by Javid Alavi in London in 1967. The business had a shop at 10 Carnaby Street, but now is an online retailer and manufacturer. | |||
J.M Millet | Founded by J. M. Millet as a drapers and outfitters business in Southampton and Bristol. The business had 5 shops by 1939, and by 1961 had grown to 11. In the 1970s business Henderson Sports and Marcus Shops Limited were purchased before the business itself was purchased by Foster Brothers in 1979. In 1986 it was merged with A. C. Millett to form Millets Leisure Ltd.[535] | |||
A.C. Millett & Co | Morris Millett opened a haberdashery shop in Croydon in 1920. By 1948 the business was trading from 8 shops and A. C. Millett joined his father's business after the leaving the army. By 1962 that business had grown to 35 shops, including 13 acquired in that year when ACM bought E. G. Millett & Co., a company owned by a distant cousin of A. C. Millett. In 1978 the business listed on the London Stock Market as Milletts Leisure plc, and in 1984 bought 50 shops from Wakefields (Midlands) Ltd. In 1986 Foster Brothers Clothing acquired Milletts Leisure plc joining Millets and Milletts together to create Millets Leisure Limited.[536] | |||
E. G. Millett & Co | A group of 13 men's outfitters purchased by A. G. Milletts in 1962.[537] | |||
Milwards | Reading based footwear group with 20 shops purchased by Clarks and incorporated into the Peter Lord chain.[538] | |||
Miss Sixty | Founded in Italy in 1990, the first shops opened in the UK in 1998 by its UK subsiary SixtyUK. The UK business went into administration in 2008. | |||
Mister Byrite | Founded as A. Levy & Sons in 1912. Traded under various names including Mr Byrite. Blue Inc name introduced in 2002. | |||
MK One | Founded in the 1980s by Mark Brafman, Les Lucy and Alan Simons as Mark One. In 1996 the business went into administration and was purchased by Philip Green, who in 2003 sold most of the business to Elaine McPherson, the managing director, and David Thompson, the finance director. In 2004 the business was sold to the Icelandic group, Baugur who sold a majority shareholding to Hilco in May 2008, before selling the business back to its founder Mark Brafman. However the business continued to struggle and in November 2008 80 of the shops were sold to Internacionale Retail with the remaining 45 being closed. | |||
Monument Sports | Founded in 1974 by Middlesbrough F.C. player Bill Gates.[539] The 12 shop chain was purchased by Blacks in 1987 and became part of First Sport.[540] | |||
Morgan | Morgan de Toi was the UK retail operations of Morgan SA, a French company originally set up to make lingerie in 1947. In 2008 the UK business was put into administration with the closure of its shops and concessions. | |||
Morrisons | Ladies' clothing chain purchased by Great Universal Stores in 1957.[541][542] | |||
David Moseley & Sons | Rubber manufacturer that produced Raincoats and Waterproofs which were sold via their New Bond Street showroom.[543] Was purchased by Avon Rubber Company in 1964. | |||
Mr Freedom | Founded by Tommy Roberts after purchasing the lease of the boutique Hung on You. The shop moved to Kensington Church Street in 1970 but closed in 1972. | |||
Naf Naf | Founded as Influence in Paris by Gérard Pariente in 1973, NafNaf (woof woof in French) was launched as a designer brand in 1978. The brand expanded and shops in France opened during the 1980s. During the 1990s they entered the UK market as a distributor and retailer. However, in the late 1990s the retail business in the UK was making losses,[544] so all shops were closed. | |||
Daniel Neal | Founded as an adult shoe shop in the Edgware Road, London, the business grew into a department store for children's clothes, toys and equipment. In 1963 it was purchased by John Lewis[545] and the business was merged into existing John Lewis shops, except for branches in Bournemouth & Cheltenham, which were closed in 1977. | |||
H. P. Newman | Founded in 1909 as H. P. Newman, the shop changed its name to Dorothy Perkins in 1919. | |||
Nicholes Shirt House | Shirt maker that was based at 62 Briggate, Leeds.[546] | |||
D. Nicholson & Co | Ladies' dressmakers based in St. Pauls Churchard, London.[547] | |||
H. J. Nicholl & Co | Ready made clothing company that made its name during the 1840s and 1850s with manufacturing paletots, a gentleman's overcoat.[549] The business first opened a shop on Regent Street, before opening branches in Manchester, Liverpool, Birmingham, and Paris. The business operated until the 1960s. | |||
Northern Outsize Menswear | Founded as Northern Outsize Menswear by Bernard Levy as a mail order firm. The business opened its first shop on Edgware Road, London in 1959. During the 1970s the business changed its name to High and Mighty. | |||
Norvic | Founded by the merger of Howlett and White[550] with the Mansfield Shoe Company.[551] The business was a manufacturer and retailer of footwear, but the 120 strong retail chain was sold to Timpsons in 1971. Timpsons was purchased by UDS in 1972 but the Norvic retail chain was closed down in 1974.[552] | |||
Nutters of Savile Row | Nutters of Savile Row was opened on Valentine's Day 1969 by Tommy Nutter and Edward Sexton, who had worked together at Donaldson, Williamson & Ward. Nutter left business in 1976, but Edward Sexton continues to run the business changing the name in 1982. | |||
Oakland Menswear | Created by C&A during the 1980s a standalone business,[553] which was purchased by Stephen Hincliffe's Facia group during the 1990s. Facia however collapsed by 1996, and Ciro Citterio purchased the business from the administrators and rebranded the 27 shops under their branding.[554] | |||
Officers and Gentleman | Founded in Sunderland, the business changed its name to The Officers Club. | |||
The Officers Club | Founded in Sunderland as Officers and Gentlemans, the name was changed during the 2000s before the business entered administration in 2008. The business was bought by TimeC 1215, a company backed by the companies chief executive David Charlton. However the business again entered administration in 2011, and 47 shops and the brand name were sold to Blue Inc. | |||
Old Glory | Clothing wholesaler with shop located in Queens Arcade, Leeds that was dissolved in 2011.[555][556] | |||
Olivers | Founded by George Oliver as a shoe shop in Willenhall, Staffordshire in 1860, followed in 1866 with a branch in Neath, Staffordshire.[557] In 1869 he opened a factory, but closed this by 1875 and concentrated on retail. By 1889 he had over 100 shops and advertised himself as the world's largest boot retailer. The business purchased the footwear shops of rival Timpson in 1987, and had 258 shops. In 2000 it was purchased by smaller rival Shoe Zone who re-branded or closed the shops. | |||
Olympus Sports | Sports clothing and footwear retailer who had 24 shops when purchased by Sears in 1978.[558] In 1995, Mayfind, a private investment company owned by Philip Green and Tom Hunter purchased Olympus Sports from Sears,[559] and merged the shops into Tom Hunter's existing business Sports Division.[560] | |||
One Up | Clothing & Home discounter created by Shophouse plc. Sold off in 1995 for £20m.[561][562][563] | |||
Open | Men's clothing shop created by former Blue Inc. buying and design director Stephen Galea and was owned by JD Sports. Four months after its first shop out of a total of 11, JD announced that all shops were closing. | |||
Original Shoe Company | Brand-led fashion footwear shop started in 1991.[564] Purchased by Sports Direct in 2006, but sold to JJB Sports in 2007.[565] Closed as part of JJB trying to save itself from administration.[566] | |||
Owens | Ladies' outfitters in the 1950s with shops in Preston, Bolton, Eccles, Leigh & Darwen.[567] | |||
Paige | Ladies' clothing retailer of the 1960s[568] Sold by owners Great Universal Stores in 1986 to Combined English Shops, and at the time had 246 shops.[569][570] Combined English Shops were purchased by Next in 1987 and Paige shops were gradually closed or converted into the Next format. | |||
E. Parker | 19th-century dressmakers based in Newington Butts, London.[571] | |||
Parker Franks | North west based discounter of homewares and clothing. Changed its name to Xception.[572] | |||
Pavilion Clothing | Independent young clothing business based in Wharton Street, Cardiff which closed in 2015 after 29 years of business[573] | |||
Peter Brown | Menswear chain purchased by Etam in 1987.[574] | |||
Peter Pell | Founded by Hector Mackenzie Frazer in 1957, three years after selling Town Tailors to Great Universal Stores.[575] In 1964 the menswear manufacturer and 45 shops were sold to UDS. | |||
Phillips Character Shoes | Shoe retailer owned by British Shoe Corporation.[576][577] | |||
Thomas Pike & Co | 19th-century tailors based in Westminster Bridge Road, London[578] | |||
Pilot | 70 strong ladies' retail chain that went into administration in 2005.[579] | |||
Platform Nine | Ladies' fashion retailer of the 1970s and 80s. | |||
Pocock Brothers | Founded a manufacturer of footwear in 1815,[580] but started around 1870 in retailing their own goods.[581] | |||
Polikoff | Manufacturer and retailer of men's clothing purchased by Great Universal Stores.[582] | |||
Pollards | Founded by Waige Pollard,[583] the clothing and haberdashery shop[584] operated across the South East until the mid 1990s. | |||
Hector Powe | Founded in the City of London, by 1925 the business had expanded to six shops across London. During the Second World War the company provided uniforms for officers in the RAF.[585][586] The business was purchased by Hope Brothers in 1954, and in turn Great Universal Stores, who merged the business into its Burberry business. | |||
Preston Sports | Former trading name of Sports Direct—formerly Mike Ashley Sports. Changed from Preston to Sports Soccer in 1995/96. | |||
Marcus Price | 1960s chain of menswear shops.[587][588] | |||
Priceless Shoes | Merged with Stylo plc during the 1990s,[589] the business became one of its trading arsm, the other being Barratts. However, in 2009 Stylo went into administration. 220 Barratts and Priceless shops were closed, with the remaining 160 shops and 165 concessions being bought by Barratts Priceless Ltd. This however went into administration in 2011, with Barretts Trading, another Michael Ziff vehicle purchasing 89 of Priceless and Barratts shops. This however went into administration in 2013, with 14 shops being sold to Pavers Shoes and the brand and website being sold to footwear entrepreneur Harvey Jacobsen. | |||
Principles | Founded by Burtons for fashion conscious women, with the men's shop Principle for Men opening in 1985. Menswear shop was phased out in late 90s. Shop sold off by Arcadia group in 2001 to a management buyout vehicle called Rubicon Retail. Rubicon was taken over by Mosaic Fashions in 2005. Mosaic Fashions went into administration in 2009, with all 66 Principles shops closing. The brand continues as part of Debenhams, who bought the name from the administrators. | |||
Pumpkin Patch | Founded in New Zealand in 1990 by Sally Synott as a childrenswear brand.[590] The UK shops were closed in 2012,[591] however the UK website still operates and the clothing can be purchased in some British Home Stores shops. | |||
QS Shops | QS started life as a clothing manufacturer. In the 1960s they opened their first shop selling clothing rejected by main buyer Marks & Spencer. In the 1980s the shop stopped selling seconds and went private in 1990. Was purchased by Hamsard 2353 in 2003 who brought it together with fellow purchase Bewise. Business went into administration in 2006. Some shops became part of Shop Twenty One.[592] | |||
Qube | Shoe retailer previously owned by Sir Tom Hunter, then by JJB Sports. Closed as part of JJB trying to save itself from administration.[593] | |||
Quorum | Boutique based on Kings Road founded by designer Alice Pollock and textile designer Celia Birtwell, which became famous for its Ossie Clark/Alice Pollock fashions. Closed in 1969 | |||
Rabbits & Sons Ltd | Founded in Newington Butts, London as a manufacturer and retailer of footwear, by the 1870s they had multiple shops across London.[594] In 1903 the business was purchased by Freeman, Hardy & Willis and by 1909 had re-branded the shops.[595] | |||
Ravel Shoes | Founded by Mrs Wise in 1934, the business grew having shops across London. In 1967 they purchased a shop in Oxford Street called Chausseurs Raul, and changed the name at first to Chausseurs Ravel, then just to plain Ravel.[596] In 1974 Clarks bought the remaining shares that they had not bought in 1967 when the Wise family retired. The business grew to 40 shops but in 2007 Clarks decided to rebrand or close Ravel shops due to slowing sales.[597] The Ravel name was purchased by Harvey Jacobson and is one of the 75 brands operated by his business, Jacobson Group. | |||
Joyce Raymond | Ladieswear retailer based at Jones Corner, Canvey Island.[598] | |||
Razzle Dazzle | Chain of ladies' fashion clothing shops in the 1980s.[599] | |||
Red or Dead | Founded by Wayne & Geraldine Hemmingway in 1982 as a stall in Camden Market, they quickly expanded opening their first shop in Rupert Street, Soho in 1986 and gradually growing to 16 shops.[600] In 1995 the Hemmingways sold the business to Stephen Hincliffe's facia group, however this entered administration in 1996 and the Hemmingways purchased the brand back operating it as a design brand only. In 1998 the brand was sold to the Pentland Group. | |||
Austin Reed | Men's clothing shop whose first London shop was opened in Fenchurch Street in 1900, opening their Regent Street shop in 1911. Entered administration in 2016, with the administrator announcing closure of the brands 120 shops by the end of June 2016, with the brand name being purchased by the Edinburgh Woollen Mills. | |||
Neville Reed | National chain of men's tailors.[601][602][603] | |||
Rego Clothiers | Manufacturer and retailer of men's clothing purchased by Great Universal Stores.[604] The business had 80 shops across the London district.[605] | |||
Reid Brothers | Men's tailors that was based at the junction of Briggate, Boar Lane and Duncan Street, Leeds during the 1940s.[606] | |||
Remelle | ||||
Republic | Founded in 1985, as Just Jeans, after 1990, the name changed to Best Jeanswear; Republic was launched in 1998. On 28 February 2013, Sports Direct bought 114 Republic shops, the brand name, all remaining stock and own-brands including SoulCal, Crafted and Fabric from the administrators. The Republic head office was also purchased. Sports Direct attempted to negotiate a reduction in rent for a number of shops, but the proposal was rejected by its landlords for those shops: Intu and Land Securities. As a result, 20 shops were closed. The remaining Republic shops were subsequently merged with USC. | |||
Richard Shops | Founded by Price Tailors in 1927. Purchased by UDS in 1958. UDS bought by Hanson plc in 1983 and sold Richard Shops to Habitat/Mothercare PLC, which became Shophouse plc (with the merger with BHS). Bought by Sears plc in 1992, which was bought by Sir Philip Green in 1999 and transferred to Arcadia Group. Richard Shops was immediately closed and shops were converted to other Arcadia group brands. | |||
Ridleys | Men's outfitters based in Tavern Street, Ipswich.[608] | |||
George Ripley | Menswear shop based in Lytham St. Annes.[609] | |||
Rogers & Co | Military tailor based in Bruton Street, London[611] which was purchased by Dege & Skinner in 1967.[612] | |||
Rogers + Rogers | Fashion brand started by Jeffrey Rogers which went into administration in 2001. | |||
Jeffrey Rogers | Retail business founded by designer Jeffrey Rogers during the 1990s. By 1994 the business had 39 shops. However the business went into administration in 2001. The brand name was purchased by Matalan in 2002. | |||
Rosees Fashion | Midlands based ladies' fashion chain of the 1960s.[613] | |||
J. Roussel (Paris-London) | Ladies undergarment shop with shops at St. Ann Street, Manchester, 84 Bold Street, Liverpool, 179–181 Regent Street & 137 New Bond Street, London with further branches in Aberdeen, Birmingham, Bristol, Glasgow and Leeds.[614] | |||
T. J. Rowan | 19th-century ladies' and gents' tailors based in Kennington Road, London.[615] | |||
A. W. Rust | Leather retailer founded in Pitsea, Essex and traded for over 60 years in shops across South Essex.[616] | |||
Samuel Brothers | 19th-century tailors based in Piccadilly before moving to Ludgate Hill, London.[617] The business now operates a manufacturer of military and workwear and has been based at Deepcut Barracks since 1993.[618] | |||
Saxone | Founded in 1901,[619] the shoe retailer and manufacturer merged with rival Lilley and Skinner in 1956. the business was purchased by Sears owned British Shoe Corporation in 1962. In 1996 sold Saxone to entrepreneur Stephen Hinchliffe and his business Facia.[620] A year later the business collapsed along with the rest of Hinchliffe's business empire. | |||
Scholes & Scholes | Bolton menswear shop based in Nelson House, Nelson Square.[621] The business was voluntary wound up in 1988.[622] | |||
The Scotch House | A Wollen and Cashmere retailer based in Central London and founded in 1900 by Gardiner Brothers, it was purchased by Great Universal Stores.[623] Business closed in 2002 and merged into Burberry brand, also owned by Great Universal. | |||
Scotch Wool and Hosiery Shops | Retail name for the wool millers of Fleming, Reid and Co. Acquired by J. and P. Coats, Patons and Baldwins in 1960.[624] | |||
Scott Adie | Scottish themed clothing warehouse and manufacturer, with shop located on the corner of Regent Street & Vigo Street, London.[625][626] | |||
Seftons | Seftons was a small chain of footwear shops based in the Bradford area that was purchased by Courtesy Shoes during the 1960s and rebranded as Medina Shoes. | |||
Irvine Sellars House of Fashion | Founded by Irvine Sellars, a market trader in London & Essex[627] who opened his menswear boutique on Carnarby Street in the mid 60s[628] before opening his larger boutique chain Mates. | |||
Sharps of Preston | Ladieswear shop based in Preston.[629][630] | |||
Shellys Shoes | Founded as Direct Shoe Supplies in the Kilburn High Road, the name was changed to Shelly after the owners son Shelly Robbins.[631] The business expanded to 11 shops across the UK including the five floored shop in Oxford Street.[632] In 2002 the struggling business was bought by Stylo, however they disposed of the then 6 shops in 2008 to Eternal Best Industries of Hong Kong.[633] They have since relaunced Shelly of London as shoe brand and website.[634] | |||
Shoe City | Out of town shoe supermarkets created by the British Shoe Corporation during the 1980s.[635] When Sears broke up the corporation during the 1990s, 47 Shoe City shops was sold to Belgium shoe business Brantano during 1998.[636] | |||
Shoe Express | New brand created by British Shoe Corporation during the 1980s to improve sales. Shops from other BSC brands were covereted into the new brand – the first being in St. Helens, Lancashire.[637] | |||
Shoe Studio | Former shoe business owned by Baugur through its subsidiary Mosaic, the business operated 11 stand-alone shops and concessions. The brands operated by Shoe Studio and its concessions were purchased by Dune in 2009.[638][639] | |||
Shoefayre | Founded by the Co-operative Group as the co-operative footwear retailer.[640] The business was as a separate business owned by the Co-Op until 2005, when the organisation brought it under the control of its Specialist Retail Division.[641] At the same time the business announced a new refurbishment programme of its 260 shops.[642] In 2007 it was announced that Co-Op were looking for a buyer,[643] and in September it was announced that Shoe Zone had purchased the business. Shoefayre sites were either rebranded or closed by Shoe Zone after the purchase.[644] | |||
Signet Shoe Company | Shoe retailers based at 184 Oxford Street, London, with further shops in The Strand, Sloane Square, Piccadilly in Manchester and Lord Street, Liverpool.[645] | |||
Silver Shoes | Founded by Harry Demopoulos as Silver Shoes, becoming Tower Boots before changing its name to TOWER London.[646] | |||
Simpsons of Picadilly | Founded as S. Simpson by Simeon Simpson was a manufacturer of bespoke tailoring based in London. In 1935 Simeon's son Alexander invented the first supporting trouser, and branded it DAKS. In 1936 Alexander opened the first Simpsons shop – Simpsons of Picadilly to sell he companies clothing. In 1991 the business was sold to Sankyo Seiko Co. Limited, who at the turn of the century moved the shop from Picadilly to Old Bond Street and renamed the business DAKS. | |||
Smart Weston | National menswear chain.[647][648] | |||
Smiths Menswear | Menswear chain headquartered in Edinburgh.[649] | |||
Snob | 1960s boutique fashion brand that started the change in clothing purchases.[650] Bought by Etam in 1987[651] and were eventually rebranded under the Etam or Tammy Girl names. | |||
C. G. Southcott & Co | A partnership founded in the 1880s as a clothing manufacturer, the business opened its first retail shop in the early 1900s. Mainly a retailer of menswear, the business also moved into manufacturing school uniforms. The business finally closed in 1980.[652] | |||
John Southworth | A shoe shop based in Preston purchased by Clarks in 1935.[653] | |||
Spalding & Sons | Chelmsford based sports outfitters, which were also a photography shop and toy seller. Originally based on Tindall Square before moving to property next to Saracen Head at 4–5 High Street in 1892.[654] | |||
Sports Connection | Scottish based Sports chain that operated 30 shops until it went into administration in 2003. 24 of the shops were purchased by the Original Shoe Company.[655] | |||
Sports Division | Started by Tom Hunter from the back of a van. He built the business up to the UK's largest sorts retailer, purchasing Sears Olympus Sports, before selling the business to smaller rival JJB in 1998. | |||
Sports Soccer | Preston Sports changed their name to Sports Soccer in 1995 along with their head office relocation to Dunstable. Name was changed to Sports World in 2005. | |||
Sports World | Rebranded name for Sports Soccer, which was re-branded to Sports Direct from 2007. | |||
Start-rite Shoes | Started by a Quant & Son, a shoe retailer in 1920, the business was purchased by James Southall, a footwear manufacturer in 1921.[656] The business grew into a manufacturing name and retail business,[657] before the retail business was closed down and shops sold to Jones the Bootmaker. | |||
Stead & Simpson | Founded in Leeds during the 19th century as curriers and leather dealers, the business moved into the manufacturing and retailing of footwear.[658] During the 1990s, they purchased the chains Lilley & Skinner and Shoe Express from Sears,[659] however the business went into administration in 2008, and was purchased by Shoe Zone who converted most of the shops to the Shoe Zone brand. | |||
Mabel Stephenson Ltd | Ladies clothing shop based in Blackburn that was purchased by the Lytham St. Annes department store J.R. Taylor.[660] | |||
Stewarts | Middlesbrough based menswear manufacturer and retailer with 130 shops purchased by Prices Tailors, owners of Fifty Shilling Tailor, in 1932.[661] | |||
Stirling Cooper | Stirling Cooper was started by two London cab drivers Ronnie Stirling and Jeff Cooper in 1967 as a London-based fashion wholesaler and retailer. The business operated until the 1990s. | |||
Stone Dri - The Direct Raincoat Company | Founded when the four Stone brothers took over their father's coat making business.[662] The business expanded into retail and by 1960 had over 80 shops nationwide.[663] The business closed during the 1970s. | |||
H. W. Stones Sports | Essex based sports shop chain created by local multiple electrical retailer[664] and Fiat/Alfa Romeo dealer who helped set up Essex Radio.[665] Dennis Lloyd, father of British tennis stars John and David Lloyd, ran the Leigh shop.[666] The business was sold off to Mike Beesley to form M & J Sports. | |||
Streetwise Sports | Founded by Paul & Ian Simpson, the 32 shop chain was purchased by Sports Direct in 2006.[667] The business was sold by Sports Direct to Melvyn Reiss and Stephen Mucklow in 2008, however the business entered administration in Feb 2009.[668] | |||
Jeanne Stuart of Blackpool | Ladies' fashion shop located at 13 & 23 Queen Street, Blackpool.[669] | |||
Studd & Millington | Tailors of the early 20th century based in several locations across London.[670] Also supplied officers of the British Army with uniform.[671] | |||
Stylo | Founded as Stylo Boot Company (Northern) Ltd after the amalgamation of three shoe business. In 1964 it had 150 shops and purchased rival W Barratt Boot & Shoe Company.[672] Eventually all branches were rebranded under the Barrets name. | |||
SU214 | High-fashion menswear chain created by Arcadia group and named after the address of its flagship shop – 214 Oxford Street. Business was incorporated into Topman under the 'BrandMAX' initiative. | |||
Sugg Sports | Founded in Liverpool by Walter Sugg and his brother Frank, the business grew to 11 shops by its closure in 2001.[673] | |||
The Suit Company | Retail brand opened by Moss Bros, which was incorporated into the new Code brand that existed from 2000 to 2002. | |||
Suits You | Rebranded name of Brick's Manshops, by Brian and Alex Brick, who sold their retail business SRG in 2005 for £30m.[674] The business was purchased by Egyptian group Arafa Holdings in 2008.[675] However the 66-shop business entered administration in October 2010,[676] 12 of the shops were purchased by the former owners and re-opened as Suit Direct.[677] | |||
Sullivan Sports | Liverpool based chain of sport shops purchased by Blacks Leisure in 1987.[678] | |||
Swears and Wells | Started by Frederick Swears and Thomas William Wells in Regent Street,[679] the shop became a national chain of furriers[680] that was purchased by UDS[681] and closed during the 1970s. | |||
Take 6 | Boutique founded in Carnaby Street, London that grew into a chain of fashion shops.[682][683][684] | |||
Tammy Girl | Founded by Etam UK as its children's business, the business was purchased by Philip Green in 2005, with all shops closed and the (now called) Tammy brand incorporated into British Home Stores. | |||
E. Tautz & Sons | Men's tailors which opened a shop at 485 Oxford Street. Shop destroyed by fire in 1898. Now a brand owned by tailors Norton & Sons. | |||
Gilbert Taylor | Men's outfitters based in Garden Street, St Annes on Sea[685] and Deansgate, Bolton.[686] | |||
Teesside Sports | Sports shop chain bought by Blacks in 1987, which became part of First Sport.[687] | |||
John Temple Tailors | Men's tailors chain purchased by Great Universal Stores.[688] | |||
Thomas & Sons | Ladies' and gents' hunting tailors based in Brook Street, London.[689][690][691] | |||
Thornton & Co | A manufacturer of Indian Rubber goods and seller of athletic wear who were based at 50/51 Briggate, Leeds.[692] The building is now grade 2 listed.[693] | |||
Tie Rack | Tie Rack was founded in August 1981 by Roy Bishko with the first shop opening in Oxford Street, London. The business expanded to over 300 shops across the world, however in 2013 it was announced that all 44 of the remaining UK shops would be closed. | |||
Timpson | Founded in Manchester by William Timpson and his brother in law, Walter Joyce as a shoe retailer. In 1884 they moved into manufacturing and then repairs in 1903. In 1973 after a boardroom battle between the Timpson family, United Drapery Shops purchased the business. UDS was purchased by Hanson Trust in 1983, and the breakup of the company included the sale of Timpson back to a buyout led by John Timpson. In 1987, Timpson sold off the shoe retailing business to rival Olivers, retaining the shoe repair business. | |||
Tissimans | Opened as Slaters in 1601, before being renamed as Tissimans in the early 19th century. Closed by owners W. E. Cole in 2013.[694] Before its closure it claimed to be the world's oldest men's clothing establishment.[695] | |||
Top Footwear for Men | It was founded in St. Albans in 1962. By 1973 the business had expanded to six shops, and this had grown to 23 by the end of the 1980s. In 1987 it changed its name to Top Shoes for Men. In 1991 the shop became Top Shoes, selling both men's and ladies' ranges, and in 1992 started changing the brand to SOLETRADER. By 2000 there were 40 shops in the chain. In 2003 the business started sister brand Sole, selling more luxury brands.[696] | |||
Tower Boots | Founded by Harry Demopoulos as Silver Shoes, becoming Tower Boots before changing its name to TOWER London.[697] | |||
Town Tailors | Founded by Hector MacKenzie Frazer, it was a Manufacturer and retailer of men's clothing purchased by Great Universal Stores in 1954.[698] | |||
Trewby Brothers | 19th-century ladies' costumier based in Waterloo Road, London.[699] | |||
True Form | Founded by John (known as Jack) Sears in Northampton as a low price manufacturer and retailer of shoes.[700] Charles Clore purchased J Sears & Co, the parent company in 1953, and in 1956 reorganised Sears shoe business' into the British Shoe Corporation.[701] In 1996 it sold True Form to entrepreneur Stephen Hinchliffe and his business Facia.[702] A year later the business collapsed along with the rest of Hinchliffe's business empire. | |||
S Tully | 19th and early 20th century dressmaker and milliner based at 21 Great Russell Street, London.[703] | |||
Turnbull, Reakes & Co | 19th-century tailors based in The Strand, London.[704] | |||
Turner Shoes | 150 strong chain of shoe shops purchased by Hepworths in 1978.[705][706][707] | |||
Tyler Shoes | Founded in Leceister in 1817 as a boot manufacturer,[708] they branched out into retailing having shops across the UK and Eire. In 1986 the business was purchased by Bensonshoe and its 61 shops were incorporated under the Discount Shoe Zone brand from 1996. | |||
Van Allen | Ladies' fashion shop[709] which closed in 1981 after being purchased by UDS three years earlier.[710] | |||
Vantella | Men's shirts shop that was based at 465 Oxford Street, London.[711] | |||
Vince Man's Shop | Founded by Bill Green initially as a mail order business, before opening a boutique in Newburgh Street, London. The business continued to operate until it was closed in 1969.[712] | |||
Virgo | London based ladies' fashion retailer that went into administration in January 2015.[713] | |||
Vogue Fashion Shops | Clothing retaler owned by Great Universal Stores.[714] | |||
Wade Smith | Founded by Robert Wade Smith in Liverpool,[715] the footwear retailer expanded to a 10 shop fashionwear chain before being purchased by the Arcadia Group in 1998. The business was sold by Arcadia back to Robert Wade Smith in 2001.[716] The business closed down in 2005.[717] | |||
Wakefields (Midlands) Ltd | Chain of 50 shops purchased by A G Milletts in 1984[718] | |||
F. Wallis | Hosier and glover based at 56 Briggate, Leeds. In 1919 the shop was replaced by Timpsons.[719] | |||
Walwyns | A shoe shop based in Moseley, Birmingham purchased by Clarks. | |||
Terry Warner Sports | Group of 21 shops, which was part of a management buyout in 1997.[720] The shops were purchased by Hargreaves Sports in 2000.[721] | |||
Watson Prickard | Founded in Liverpool during the 19th century, A W Cockeram bought the men's outfitters in 1893.[722] The Liverpool shop was located at North John Street in Liverpool,[723] and by the 1950s had a shop at 73/75 Princess Street, Manchester.[724] In 1993 the business opened a shop in Lord Street, Southport, however this was closed by Howard Cockeram in 2010. | |||
Fred Watts & Co | 19th-century menswear shop based in Tottenham Court Road & Euston Road, London,[725] which was believed to have been swallowed up by rival London firm Chas Baker & Co. | |||
Weaver to Weaver | Retail arm of Towns Tailors.[726] Name was changed to Towns Tailors after Great Universal Stores purchased the business in 1954. | |||
Werff | Werff Brothers were founded in London during the 19th century and by the 1960s were a national chain for ladieswear.[727] Werff also operated the My Fur Lady fur brand.[728] | |||
West 8 | Small chain of sports shops based in London owned founded by the Spurling family.[729] The business was bought by Blacks Leisure in 1988 and merged into its newly created First Sport division.[730] | |||
Western Jean Company | Chain of jeans and casual wear shops purchased by French Connection. Company is still registered as a dormant business along with French Connection at 20–22 Bedford Row, London.[731] | |||
Whitneys | Clothing retaler owned by Great Universal Stores.[732] | |||
Wilderness Ways | Outdoor clothing, footwear and equipment chain purchased and rebranded by Nevisport in 1997. | |||
Willerby & Co | Men's tailors[733] | |||
Williams & Hopkins | Costumier and draper based in Bournemouth,[735] whose name appeared in Vogue during the 1950s.[736] | |||
J. O. Williams | Based in the Castle Buildings, Llanelli. The self-styled ladies' and gents' tailor and costumier was an agent for Burberry.[737] | |||
Willsons Fashions | Ladies' fashion retailer that expanded after the Second World War.[738][739] | |||
Wiltex | Retail chain based in north of England purchased by Parkash Singh Chima along with Wiltex to form Bonmarché. | |||
J & C Winter | Holborn, London based Tailors and Outfitters founded in the 19th century.[740] | |||
Woodrow | Millners and outwear retailer based at 48Piccadilly, London with further branches at 42 Cornhill, London as well as Manchester, Liverpool, Glasgow and Dublin.[741][742] | |||
Woolf Brothers | 19th-century men's tailors based in King William Street, London.[743] | |||
M. Woolf | 19th-century tailors based in Lower Marsh, Lambeth, London.[744] | |||
Worth Et Cie | 19th century corset makes based at 134 New Bond Street.[745] | |||
Wyles Brothers | Founded in Derby as a footwear manufacturer, they moved into retail and had 50 shops before they were bought by G B Britton & Sons, manufacturers of TUF shoes in 1961.[746] | |||
Xception | New name for North West-based Parker Franks, a discounter selling a variety of clothes and homewares[747][748] | |||
YHA Adventure Shops | Founded by the YHA as mail order business, the first shop opened in 1953 in Bedford Street, London. In 1990 the shop management bought the business from the YHA and formed YHA Adventure Shops plc. This company was wound up in 2004. | |||
Zara | Ladies' accessory shop located at 71 New Bond Street, London at the turn of the century.[749] |
References[edit]
- ^'Denim label 7 For All Mankind to open first UK standalone – drapersonline p. 28 August 2010'. Retrieved 17 December 2015.
- ^'About Us – Accent Clothing'. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
- ^'Adams Apple – choosewoodbridge.co.uk'. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
- ^'Our Shops – Albam Clothing'. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
- ^'Alexanders of Woodbridge – choosewoodbridge.co.uk'. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
- ^'CMYUK illuminate PressOn for American Apparel retail project'. Retrieved 10 December 2015.
- ^'Inside & Others Stories Regent Street Shop – Vogue p. 8 March 2013'. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
- ^'Gary Anderson Savile Row'. Archived from the original on 30 January 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
- ^'History – Richard Anderson'. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
- ^'Presentation – Apostrophe'. Retrieved 7 January 2015.
- ^'JD Sports buys retailer Ark out of administration – The Telegraph p. 28 Jun 2013'. Retrieved 10 December 2015.
- ^Mintel Clothing Retailing – UK, July 2005
- ^'ASPECTO – victorialeeds.co.uk'. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
- ^'Aspecto bought by Tessuti partners – drapersonline p. 6 Aug 2015'. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
- ^'Aspecto's future in the balance with impending closure of HQ – The Retail Gazette p. 24 Aug 2016'. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
- ^'ATOM RETRO'. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
- ^'About – Jacques Azagury'. Retrieved 7 January 2015.
- ^'A house frozen in time – Dorset Life December 2013'. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
- ^'Millets to keep Oswald Bailey name for time being – OCC Outdoor p. 14 April 2014'. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
- ^'Who's Gone Bust in Retailing? – Centre for Retail Research'. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
- ^'About Us – barringtonayre.co.uk'. Archived from the original on 16 May 2016. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
- ^'horacebarton.co.uk'. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
- ^'about us – basefashion.co.uk'. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
- ^'History – Basler'. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
- ^'Owner's brother saves Hobson and Bates Shoes – drapersonline p.2 June 2014'. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
- ^'About Us – KJ Beckett'. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
- ^'KJ Beckett information – Rakuten.co.uk'. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
- ^'Bershka to launch in the UK – fashionunited archive'. Retrieved 10 December 2015.
- ^'In 1993 Leonie returned to Northampton and opened Berties'. Retrieved 5 July 2019.
- ^'Our Shops – Blunts Shoes'. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
- ^'BOTTEGA VENETA COMES TO TOWN – Vogue p. 25 July 2002'. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
- ^'Est. 1983 – Boundary Mill Shops'. Archived from the original on 24 December 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2015.
- ^'Tragedy for family who founded East Lancashire's Boundary Mill chain – Lancashire Telegraph p. 27 June 2013'. Retrieved 11 December 2015.
- ^'visitnorwich.co.uk'. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
- ^'Johnson Shoes / Bowley Fine Shoes – mylocalshoeshops.co.uk'.Missing or empty
|url=
(help) - ^'Richmond Fire more than 30 tackle Bowleys Shoe Shop Blaze – london24 p. 8 July 2015'. Archived from the original on 11 July 2015. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
- ^'Brandy Melville opens new flagship shop in London – myretailmedia.com p. 3 Jan 2014'. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
- ^'Brooks Bros hits town – The Telegraph p. 15 Jan 2006'. Retrieved 11 December 2015.
- ^'John Brown Menswear – Vist Plymouth'. Retrieved 3 May 2016.[permanent dead link]
- ^'Observer Magazine Competition: Win a Byrne & Burge made-to-measure suit! – The Observer p. 15 Jan 2012'. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
- ^'Savile Row – Mecca of British Elegance – Michelin Travel Guide p. 12 Dec 2013'. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
- ^'Calzedonia to open its first UK shop in London – retailgazette.co.uk p. 5 December 2011'. Retrieved 10 December 2015.
- ^'Vince Camuto opens first UK shop – fashionunited.co.uk p. 18 April 2013'. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
- ^'CARVEN – Fashion Designer Encyclopedia'. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
- ^'Carven opens first UK shop – drapersonline p. 27 Nov 2013'. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
- ^c. 1960s
- ^'visitnorwich.co.uk'. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
- ^'chaddsnorwich.co.uk'. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
- ^'About Us – Charlies Direct'. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^'New shop helps sales climb at Charlies – insidermedia.com p. 29 Jan 2015'. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^'Cheap Monday opens first UK standalone – retail-week.com p. 17 Feb 2012'. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
- ^'Hundreds pay tribute to Choice Discount boss Con Donovan following his death at the age of 81 – Evening Echo p. 4 Nov 2015'. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
- ^'Ciren Jeans - Yell.com'. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
- ^'Bleak Forecast is 'crisis' for Fashion – drapersonline p. 1 June 2013'. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
- ^Timpson, John (15 October 2015). High Street Heroes: The Story of British Retail in 50 People By John Timpson. p. 96. ISBN9781848319172. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
- ^'Business is booming in arcades and alleys – Birmingham Mail p. 30 Dec 2013'. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
- ^'Coach to enter UK via joint venture with Hackett – drapersonline p. 20 April 2010'. Retrieved 11 December 2015.
- ^'Coach to Open First European Flagship Shop on New Bond Street in London – Reuters p. 7 Sept 2011'. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 December 2015.
- ^'Coes Ipswich – All about Ipswich'. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
- ^'About us – Colton Fotwear'. Archived from the original on 6 July 2015. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
- ^'Cos to open in London's Covent Garden – drapersonline p. 5 Nov 2008'. Retrieved 17 December 2015.
- ^'About Us - cruisefashion.com'. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
- ^'Danish Wardrobe Company – RoyalLeamingtonSpa.co.uk'. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
- ^'Bury's dapper new menswear shop – Bury Free Press p. 30 October 2015'. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
- ^'Dapper Men - 192.com'. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
- ^'About Us – DartagnanMenswear.co.uk'. Archived from the original on 6 April 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
- ^'Aubyn Davies.co.uk'. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
- ^'Denman & Goddard – Mayfair – London'. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
- ^'The Famous Denman & Goddard House Tie – Steven Hitchcock'. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
- ^'Find Your Shop United Kingdom – Desigual'. Retrieved 17 December 2015.
- ^'Diesel Black Gold opens first UK shop – Fashion United p. 17 June 2014'. Retrieved 18 December 2015.
- ^'About Us – Donalds Menswear'. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
- ^'Dorothy Perkins/Arcadia Group'. Archived from the original on 13 October 2015. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
- ^'About Us – The Dune Group'. Retrieved 10 December 2015.
- ^'Dune buys Shoe Studio – The Independent p. 5 March 2009'. Retrieved 10 December 2015.
- ^'Fashion retailer East back in the black thanks to better sales and cost cutting – The Telegraph p. 6 June 2010'. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
- ^'Retailer, East, saved in pre-pack administration deal – Company Rescue p. 25 June 2015'. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
- ^Palmer, Mark (11 April 2013). Clarks: Made to Last: The story of Britain's best-known shoe firm By Mark Palmer. ISBN1847658458. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
- ^'Our Shops – Edge of the World'. Retrieved 11 January 2016.[dead link]
- ^'Edge of the World Ltd - DueDil.com'. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
- ^'El Ganso expands in the British market, opens fourth shop in London – Fashion Mag.com p. 20 July 2015'. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
- ^'El Ganso targets the UK – Shopping Centre.co.uk p. 23 October 2015'. Archived from the original on 1 February 2016. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
- ^'About Us = Eleven Paris'. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
- ^'Eleven Paris: New enfant on the block – The Independent p. 12 May 2013'. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
- ^'Etro Boutique – London'. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
- ^'Evans – About Us'. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
- ^'Nicole Farhi saved from administration – The Guardian p. 22 Jun 2013'. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
- ^'Fashion Wheel - Yell.com'. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
- ^'Fashion Wheel - Yell.com'. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
- ^'Fashion Wheel - 192.com'. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
- ^'Sports Direct snaps up Field & Trek – The Guardian p. 13 July 2007'. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
- ^'George Fisher is Sold – News & Star p. 3 Jul 2007'. Archived from the original on 24 October 2018. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
- ^'George Fisher is Sold – News & Star p. 3 Jul 2007'. Archived from the original on 24 October 2018. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
- ^'Footasylum plans shop openings as sales rise – insidermedia.com p. 17 Jun 2014'. Retrieved 10 December 2015.
- ^'Ford Invasion – Vogue p. 9 July 2012'. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
- ^'Forever 21 to launch in Uk – The Telegraph p. 30 Sept 2010'. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
- ^'frasersonline.co.uk'. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
- ^'visitnorwich.co.uk'. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
- ^'Gap Inc. Key facts'. Archived from the original on 2 October 2015. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
- ^'seven impressions of Gaziano & Girling shoes – Parisian Gentleman p. 6 May 2015'. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
- ^'Fashion mogul Kevin Stanford is haunted by Ghost – The Telegraph p. 28 Nov 2010'. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
- ^'visitnorwich.co.uk'. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
- ^'About Us – Go Compare'. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
- ^'British brand GOAT to open their first shop off Regent Street – The Crown Estate p. 24 July 2014'. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
- ^'Saffron Walden directory'. Retrieved 2 February 2017.
- ^'About Us – Great Outdoors'. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
- ^'About Us – Great Outdoors Supershop'. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
- ^'Our History The Greaves Story...' Retrieved 26 November 2015.
- ^'Heritage & Background - grenson.com'. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
- ^'About Us – Grosvenor Shirts'. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
- ^'Guess? returns to UK with shop in Covent Garden – retailweek.com p. 28 May 2004'. Retrieved 11 December 2015.
- ^'About Us – Hansfords Menswear'. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
- ^'My fashion life – Matthew Hansford – Drapers p11 Dec 2014'. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
- ^'About Us – Harvie & Hudson'. Archived from the original on 6 February 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2015.
- ^'Rubicon profit soars one year after MBO finalised – Retail Week p. 30 Jan 2004'. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
- ^'Hawkshead is rescued from administration – Retail Week p. 11 Aug 2006'. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
- ^Levene, Tony (26 August 2006). 'Hawkshead clothing rescued from administration – The Guardian p. 26 August 2006'. The Guardian. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
- ^'Regatta sails to the rescue after Hawkshead collapse – drapersonline p. 18 Aug 2007'. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
- ^'Customers rally to save the pukka tailor of Piccadilly – The Independent p. 28 Jan 1996'. 28 January 1996. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
- ^'Welcome to A J Hewitt'. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
- ^'The Bespoke Gentleman meets the Savile Row Tailor: Stephen Hitchcock – The Bespoke Gentleman p. 19 No 2012'. Archived from the original on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
- ^'About Us – Hobbs London'. Retrieved 17 December 2015.
- ^'Owner's brother saves Hobson and Bates Shoes – drapersonline p. 2 June 2014'. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
- ^'About Us – Hopscotch Shoes'. Archived from the original on 11 October 2015. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
- ^'Tottenham Hotspur backs down over Alnwick shop name – bbc.co.uk p. 7 Nov 2014'. BBC News. 7 November 2014. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
- ^'Hotter Timeline - hotter.com'. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
- ^'Hunter taking steps to become a global lifestyle brand – retail gazette p.30 Sept 2015'. 30 September 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2015.
- ^'Industrie to boost UK presence to 30 shops'. The Express. 3 August 2014. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
- ^'About Us'. Archived from the original on 18 March 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
- ^'About Us – Jacks 1952'. Retrieved 2 February 2017.
- ^'About Us – Jack & Jones'. Retrieved 3 March 2016.[dead link]
- ^'Marc Jason Shoeworld Limited – localshop.co.uk'. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
- ^'Johnson Shoes / Bowley Fine Shoes – mylocalshoeshops.co.uk'.Missing or empty
|url=
(help) - ^'Gingerfashion.co.uk'. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
- ^'Our Story – Jotoha Ltd'. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
- ^Molloy, Mark (22 September 2014). 'Fashion retailer Joy criticised for 'offensive' bipolar disorder comments on Twitter – The Telegraph p. 22 September 2014'. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
- ^'Bruton Juicy – Vogue p. 22 July 2009'. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
- ^'Kevins Menswear – companiesintheuk.co.uk'. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
- ^'Kevins Menswear'. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
- ^Nicoll, Ruaridh (12 April 2014). 'Why the Kooples are every couple's best friend – The Guardian p. 13 April 2014'. The Guardian. Retrieved 22 February 2016.
- ^'Michael Kors to open flagship shop on Regent Street – The Crown Estate p. 1 July 2014'. Retrieved 17 December 2015.
- ^'Lacoste opens its biggest flagship shop in London – fashionmag.com p. 5 June 2012'. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
- ^'Get Ready For Karl's Debut London Shop – Vogue p. 27 Nov 2013'. Retrieved 11 December 2015.
- ^'Lanvin opens menswear doors – Vogue p. 18 Sept 2008'. Retrieved 11 December 2015.
- ^'LE COQ SPORTIF OPENS FLAGSHIP LONDON SHOP – Menswear Style p. 29 May 2013'. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
- ^'Phillip Lim Opens Debut London Shop – Vogue p. 26 Nov 2013'. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
- ^'Press & Bloggers – linzi shoes'. Archived from the original on 7 April 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
- ^'The 50 Best online clothes shops – The Independent p. 31 Aug 2012'. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
- ^'About Us – The Little Shoe Shop Company'. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
- ^'Mainline Menswear - 192.com'. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
- ^'About Us – Mark Marengo'. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
- ^'Mascotte Opens First UK Shop – Fashionbeans.com p. 29 April 2013'. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
- ^'Massimo Dutti poaches property director from Bestseller Group – drapersonline p. 3 July 2014'. Retrieved 10 December 2015.
- ^'About Matalan'. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
- ^'The Project – Medwinds'. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
- ^'Medwinds opens first shop in London – fashionmag.com p. 13 June 2013'. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
- ^'Galeria Melissa London opens on King Street – Covent Garden'. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
- ^'Footwear brand Melissa to open first permanent shop in Covent Garden – drapersonline p. 19 June 2014'. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
- ^'Location – Mush Clothing'. Archived from the original on 12 May 2016. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
- ^'nanookfashion.co.uk'. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
- ^'New & Lingwood acquired by US investors – drapersonline p. 21 December 2015'. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
- ^'About Us – New & Lingwood'. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
- ^'Who are We? New Look'. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
- ^'About Nomad Travel'. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
- ^'About us – Oldrids'. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
- ^'About Orlebar Brown – orlebarbrown.co.uk'. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
- ^'The Pakeman Heritage – Pakeman.co.uk'. Archived from the original on 3 April 2016. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
- ^'The Collection Online – The Metropolitan Museum of Art'. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
- ^Graham, John (October 2005). Where to Wear London By John Graham. ISBN9780976687740. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
- ^'Pinko – Harvey Nicholls'. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
- ^'Pull & Bear – LondonTown'. Retrieved 10 December 2015.
- ^'Zara owner Inditex to open first UK Stradivarius shop in London – Evening Standard p. 2 June 2014'. 2 June 2014. Retrieved 10 December 2015.
- ^'About Us – Chelmsford Star'. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
- ^'About Us – Quba & Co'. Archived from the original on 17 May 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
- ^'Quiz clothing chain owner reports hike in profits – The Herald p. 6 Jan 2015'. Retrieved 15 October 2015.
- ^'Reebok opens its first Rbk shop in UK at London's Covent Garden – Retail Week p. 3 Sept 2004'. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
- ^'AllSaints founders sign Religion deal – drapersonline p. 6 Jan 2007'. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
- ^'Shop Locator – Replay Jeans'. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
- ^Palmer, Mark (11 April 2013). Clarks: Made to Last: The story of Britain's best-known shoe firm By Mark Palmer. ISBN1847658458. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
- ^'About Us – Roman Originals'. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
- ^'About Us – roxtons.co.uk'. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
- ^'Southend Town Development 1973'. Essex County Council. 1973. Retrieved 20 February 2017 – via YouTube.
- ^'B Saunders Menswear Ltd – Evening Standard local'. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
- ^'Moss Brothers Group plc History – FundingUniverse'. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
- ^'Scotch & Soda opens its first two London shops – fashionmag.com p. 29 Aug 2012'. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
- ^'Welcome to R Scott & Co'. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
- ^'JD Sports parent buys RD Scott – RetailWeek p. 10 Jan 2005'. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
- ^'Our Story – seasaltcornwall.co.uk'. Archived from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
- ^'Select Fashions Information'. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
- ^'Fashion chain Select collapses placing 1,800 jobs at risk'.
- ^Palmer, Mark (11 April 2013). Clarks: Made to Last: The story of Britain's best-known shoe firm By Mark Palmer. ISBN1847658458. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
- ^'About Us – Shooze with Sole'. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
- ^'Saturday Night and Sunday Morning: Atom Retro's Guide To Mod Clothing'. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
- ^'John Simons' new London shop – GQ magazine p. 5 April 2011'. Retrieved 17 November 2015.[dead link]
- ^'Company History – Paul Smith'. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
- ^'Felixstowe/Ipswich: Tributes are paid to inspiring Grace - Ipswich Star p.17 December 2012'. Retrieved 13 October 2018.
- ^'50 Years of SOLETRADER'. Archived from the original on 27 November 2012. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
- ^'50 Years of SOLETRADER'. Archived from the original on 21 December 2015. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
- ^'Spencer Hart – Vogue p. 15 June 2012'. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
- ^'Spencer Hart brand to continue despite liquidation of subsidiary – drapersonline p. 8 Oct 2014'. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
- ^'About Us – Spirit Designerwear'. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
- ^'The Sting – Powells Group'. Retrieved 10 December 2015.
- ^'The Sting – Vogue p. 20 Aug 2009'. Retrieved 10 December 2015.
- ^'The GQ Savile Row Guide – GQ Magazine'. Archived from the original on 27 October 2015. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
- ^'Zara owner Inditex to open first UK Stradivarius shop in London – Evening Standard p. 2 June 2014'. 2 June 2014. Retrieved 10 December 2015.
- ^'Former Suits You owners take over 12 of its shops – drapersonline p.28 Jan 2011'. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
- ^'Shops – Taunton Leisure'. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^'Nick Tentis – MediaSalesExec.com p. 24 Jan 2014'. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
- ^'DISCOVER TESSUTI A LUXURY CLOTHING BRAND RETAILER FROM SINCE 1985 by Menswear Style p. 15 October 2014'. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
- ^'JD's Tessuti deal spells the end for Cecil Gee – drapersonline p. 16 June 2012'. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
- ^'thetetburytailor.co.uk'. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
- ^'Tezenis opens up UK front with London shop – Design Week p. 20 Sept 2007'. Archived from the original on 20 February 2016. Retrieved 10 December 2015.
- ^'About Us – Thirtysixshop.co.uk'. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
- ^''Rock'n'roll' fashion brand Tiger of Sweden set to shake up St James's – Evening Standard p. 3 May 2013'. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
- ^'catalogue from Timberland – zalando'. Retrieved 11 December 2015.
- ^'Graham Tiso Ltd Discover Our History'. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
- ^'Son of Tiso founder dies in climbing accident – The Scotsman p. 20 Jan 2014'. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
- ^'About Us – Toast'. Retrieved 27 October 2015. Currently operate 11 shops and 14 concessions within John Lewis.
- ^'Spreading Toast: a fashion success story – The Telegraph p. 28 Sept 2010'.
- ^'About Us – TOWER London'. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
- ^'Weymouth's tReds shop secure funding for expansion – Daily Echo p. 8 Jan 2014'. Retrieved 15 October 2015.
- ^'About Us – Trotter & Deane'. Archived from the original on 25 May 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
- ^'tuxedo-junction.co.uk'. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
- ^'Ulanka Lands in the UK!'. Retrieved 10 December 2015.
- ^'Bright Sparks Urban Outfitter – The Independent'. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
- ^'About Us – Van Mildert'. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
- ^'John Varvatos rocks up in Mayfair – GQ Magazine p. 25 Sept 2014'. Archived from the original on 23 December 2015. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
- ^'About Us – Vero Moda'. Archived from the original on 31 December 2015. Retrieved 10 December 2015.
- ^'Bestseller kicks off shop-opening spree – drapersonline p. 26 August 2011'. Retrieved 10 December 2015.
- ^'As Victoria's Secret opens the doors of its London Bond Street shop, a fashion blogger goes undie-cover to give us their verdict – mailonline p. 29 August 2012'. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
- ^'Victoria's Secret lingerie shop to open in The Oracle – getreading p. 23 April 2015'. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
- ^'Historic Newcastle business Isaac Walton Tailoring given new lease of life – Chronicle Live p. 3 Aug 2015'. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
- ^'Isaac Walton & Co – The British Library – Evanion Catalogue'. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
- ^'About Us – Our Stor – Weird Fish'. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
- ^'He Loved the Customers: Winfields owner dies aged 70 – Lancashire Telegraph'. 16 March 2015. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
- ^'Wolford sets ambitious target for UK expansion – drapersonline 31 March 2007'. Archived from the original on 24 December 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2015.
- ^'Shop Finder – Yeomans Outdoors'. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
- ^'About Us – YMC'. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
- ^'YMC (You Must Create) Fashion Label – fashionreview.co.uk p. 28 Mar 2011'. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
- ^'Yours Clothing to open 25 UK shops in 2015 – drapersonline 17 Nov 2014'. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
- ^'Zara opens eco-friendly London flagship – fashionunited.co.uk p. 6 Dec 2012'. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
- ^'Zee and Co'. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
- ^http://www.orpington1st.co.uk/, Orpington -. 'Oh baby! Jo Johnson officially opens Aurora Royal, Orpington – News – Orpington'. www.orpington1st.co.uk. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
- ^'The Walnuts Shopping Centre'. The Walnuts Shopping Centre. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
- ^'Maison Zilli – zilli.fr'. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
- ^'About Us'. ZOOFASHIONS.COM. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
- ^'Best Deals | Fristads Kansas Workwear UK | Performance Work Clothing'. www.performanceworkclothing.co.uk. Retrieved 23 March 2019.
- ^Palmer, Mark (11 April 2013). Clarks: Made to Last: The story of Britain's best-known shoe firm by Mark Palmer. ISBN1847658458. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
- ^'Swanbill Corsets – historyworld.co.uk advert museum'. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
- ^Honeyman, Katrina (2000). Well Suited: A History of the Leeds Clothing Industry, 1850–1990 By Katrina Honeyman. p. 303. ISBN9780199202379. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
- ^Timpson, John (15 October 2015). High Street Heroes: The Story of British Retail in 50 People By John Timpson. p. 101. ISBN9781848319172. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
- ^'HUK17 – Conservation Strategy (Vol. 2) – Appendices Impact of the Proposals Upon the Historic Environment – Stephen Levrant Heritage Architecture Ltd Feb 2011'(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on 23 December 2015. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
- ^Timpson, John (15 October 2015). High Street Heroes: The Story of British Retail in 50 People By John Timpson. p. 101. ISBN9781848319172. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
- ^'W. A. Allery, tailor – The British Library Evanion Catalogue'. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
- ^'Allsports enters administration – news bbc.co.uk p. 27 September 2005'. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
- ^'JD buys troubled Allsports – Manchester Evening News p. 31 October 2005'. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
- ^'JJB Sports plc – Company Profile, Information, Business Description, History, Background Information on JJB Sports plc'. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
- ^'Briggate 45-53 - leodis.net'. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
- ^'Hardy Amies UK shops to close following sale to Fung Capital – Retail Week p. 11 November 2008'. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
- ^'Boar Lane - Leodis.net'. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
- ^'sale of men's clothing at Arnold & Coldwell, 1883 – The British Library Evanion Catalogue'. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
- ^'Astral Sports and Leisure (Retail) Limited - duedil.com'. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
- ^'Company: Astral Sports & Leisure Ltd – house of fraser archive'. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
- ^'Glasgow Herald Page 21 p. 10 March 1982'. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
- ^'Clock stops for GUS, the empire created by a legend – The Telepgraph p. 7 Oct 2006'. Retrieved 10 October 2015.
- ^'Pathfinder Pack on 1950s shopping - RIS.org'. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
- ^'Shop Closures and Changes in Basildon Town Centre East Walk – Basildon History'. Retrieved 19 November 2015.|
- ^'Basildon, Town Centre c.1965 - Francis Firth.com'. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
- ^'BACON SHOES LIMITED – Companies House'. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
- ^'Albion Place, looking towards Briggate and King Edward Street - leodis.net'. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
- ^Palmer, Mark (11 April 2013). Clarks: Made to Last: The story of Britain's best-known shoe firm By Mark Palmer. p. 226. ISBN1847658458. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
- ^Jackson, Tim; Shaw, David (20 September 2004). The Fashion Handbook By Tim Jackson, David Shaw. p. 196. ISBN9781134521111. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
- ^'Bank shops in Llandudno and Wrexham at risk after fashion chain goes into administration – Daily Post p. 5 Jan 2015'. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
- ^'JD Sports sells Bank to Hilco Capital – Business Sale report p. 25 Nov 2014'. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
- ^'Bank Fashion is first retail crash of 2015 as it collapses just two months after being bought by private equity – thisismoney.co.uk p. 5 Jan 2015'. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
- ^'Kate Barnes – historyworld.co.uk Advert Museum'. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
- ^'Burnley, Manchester Road 1952 – francis firth'. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
- ^'House of Fraser Archive – Hide & Co'. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
- ^'Matthew Normans Diary – The Guardian p. 15 Nov 2001'. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
- ^'Good Bye Eagle Place – mondo a go-go'. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
- ^'Sad to be shutting up shop after 56 years of service – South Wales Argus p. 27 April 2012'. Archived from the original on 9 June 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
- ^'Cardiff shop Calders shuts days before Christmas – BBC News p. 22 December 2013'. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
- ^'Fashion and Age: Barrance & Ford, Brighton and Garments Designed for the British Aristocracy in the Early Twentieth Century by Karen Scalon'(PDF). Retrieved 15 April 2016.
- ^'Hastings Barrance & Ford'. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
- ^'The London Gazette p. 26 Sept 1975'(PDF). Retrieved 15 April 2016.
- ^'Barratts – Vintage Fashion Guild'. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
- ^'High Street Southend Timeline Photo 26 of 35'. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
- ^'Castle Street & Cock & Bottle Lane, Bristol Street Map – 1937 – 1–88 – Flickr'. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
- ^'25 East Walk – Basildon History'. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
- ^'49–50, North Street, Brighton – geograph.org.uk'. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
- ^'6 The Promenade, Bristol – The Gloucester Road Story'. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
- ^Tusa, John (21 May 2003). 'The Burrows Lecture: 2003'. University of Essex. Archived from the original on 8 February 2012. Retrieved 21 April 2011.
- ^Palmer, Mark (11 April 2013). Clarks: Made to Last: The story of Britain's best-known shoe firm By Mark Palmer. p. 226. ISBN1847658458. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
- ^'About Us – Moss Bros'. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
- ^'Corneliani moves in to historic London tailor's – Italy Magazine p. 11 March 2011'. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
- ^'Boar Lane - leodis.net'. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
- ^Timpson, John (6 May 2010). Upside Down Management: A Common Sense Guide to Better Business By John Timpson. ISBN9780470661918. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
- ^'Kirkgate, looking West from Vicar Lane - Subject 5357 - leodis.org'. p. 130. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
- ^'Our History – Shoe Zone'. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
- ^Ewing, Elizabeth (29 December 2014). History of 20th Century Fashion By Elizabeth Ewing. ISBN9781849942324. Retrieved 1 April 2016.
- ^'Berkertex is fashion victim of recession – The Independent p. 4 Sept 1992'. 5 September 1992. Retrieved 1 April 2016.
- ^'Jobs safe as Bairds acquires Berkertex – The Independent p. 24 Sept 1992'. 25 September 1992. Retrieved 1 April 2016.
- ^Walsh, Fiona (11 February 2006). 'Clothing chains join retail casualty list – The Guardian p. 11 February 2006'. The Guardian. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
- ^'Boar Lane, from Briggate - leodis.net'. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
- ^'Boar Lane, from Briggate - leodis.net'. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
- ^'Well Suited: A History of the Leeds Clothing Industry, 1850–1990 By Katrina Honeyman'. p. 303. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
- ^'Moss Bros Group plc History – FundingUniverse'. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
- ^'Advert for JE Bloom & Co, boy's & youth's outfitters – The British Library Evanion Catalogue'. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
- ^'A. Booth & Sons, Briggate - leodis.net'. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
- ^'W.Bradley – advert museum historyworld.co.uk'. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
- ^'Menswear Chains – retrowow.co.uk'. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
- ^'Church Street – Norfolk Museums'. Archived from the original on 23 December 2015. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
- ^'Retail Trading in Britain 1850–1950: A Study of Trends in Retailing with ... By James B. Jefferys'. p. 25. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
- ^'Brian Brick: Moss Bros Boss hopes smart moves will pay off – The Independent'. 24 June 2010. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
- ^'Suits You bought by Eygptian supplier – drapersonline p. 12 Mar 2008'. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
- ^'Suits You in administration – drapersonline p. 27 October 2010'. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
- ^'Former Suits You owners take over 12 of its shops – drapersonline p. 28 Jan 2011'. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
- ^'Advert For Albert Brooks, Milliner & Fancy Draper – Evanion Collection, British Library'. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
- ^'The Edinburgh Gazette, November 27, 1891'(PDF). Retrieved 27 May 2016.
- ^Timpson, John (6 May 2010). Upside Down Management: A Common Sense Guide to Better Business By John Timpson. p. 130. ISBN9780470661918. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
- ^'Selfridges Plc - enclyclopedia.com'. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
- ^'Cardiff shop Calders shuts days before Christmas – BBC News p. 22 December 2013'. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
- ^Gough, Roy (15 February 2009). Runcorn Through Time by Roy Gough. ISBN9781445630618. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
- ^'Runcorn, Town Centre c.1965 – Francis Firth'. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
- ^'About Us – Go Outdoors'. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
- ^'Capstick & Hamer – historyworld.co.uk Advert Museum'. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
- ^'Case Studies – Cargo Club (Nurdin & Peacock) – Ashworth Surveyors'. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
- ^Jefferys, James B. (15 September 2011). Retail Trading in Britain 1850–1950: A Study of Trends in Retailing By James B. Jefferys. p. 25. ISBN9781107602731. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
- ^'Shoe Retailers learn to set the pace recession and fashion are making sports shoes makers help shops – The Independent p. 9 Nov 1993'. 9 November 1993. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
- ^'M. Chapman, Merchant Tailor, 1887 – The British Library Evanion Catalogue'. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
- ^'Advertisement for clothing by Chas. Baker & Co – British Library Collection'. Retrieved 25 April 2016.
- ^'Chas. Baker & Co: the men and the map – National Library of Scotland'. Retrieved 25 April 2016.
- ^'TQ3004 : 52–55, Western Road, Brighton – geography.org.uk'. Retrieved 14 July 2016.
- ^'Sixteen Norwich Shops you can't go to anymore – Eastern Daily Post p. 17/5/16'. Retrieved 14 July 2016.
- ^'Cheapjacks – Trade Mark Direct'. Archived from the original on 19 September 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2016.
- ^'The Gazette p.21/9/94'(PDF). Retrieved 14 July 2016.
- ^'JD makes £4m bid to rescue Faith chain and save 1,700 jobs – The Independent p. 23 October 2011'. 29 April 2010. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
- ^Hall, James (6 August 2005). 'Ciro Citterio fails as high street slump takes toll – The Telegraph p. 7 Aug 2005'. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
- ^'Receiver shuts Ciro Citterio shops – Birmingham Post p. 10 May 2005'. 9 May 2005. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
- ^'Interview: Veteran clothes designer Jeff Banks – The Journal p. 12 Sept 2012'. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
- ^'Our History – The Greaves Story...' Retrieved 26 November 2015.
- ^Beech, John G.; Beech, John; Chadwick, Simon (2007). The Marketing of Sport By John G. Beech, Simon Chadwick. ISBN9780273688266. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
- ^'Moss Brothers Group plc History – FundingUniverse'. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
- ^'Resolutions for Winding up – The London Gazette p. 8 June 1993'(PDF). Retrieved 19 November 2015.
- ^'High Street Southend Timeline Photo 29 of 35'. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
- ^Hall, James (20 March 2011). 'From Chelsea Girl to Concept Man: history of River Island – Daily Telegraph p. 20 Mar 2011'. Retrieved 15 October 2015.
- ^Paphitis, Theo (10 June 2010). Enter the dragon by Theo Paphitis. p. 112. ISBN9781409124139. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
- ^'Sad to be shutting up shop after 56 years service – South Wales Argus p. 27 April 2012'. Archived from the original on 9 June 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
- ^'Westminster Clothing Company, 1881? – The British Library Evanion Catalogue'. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
- ^'Crazy Jeans (Bristol) 1980s–1990s – flickr'. 9 January 2010. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
- ^'W. Creamer & Co – historyworld.co.uk'. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
- ^Ewing, Elizabeth (29 December 2014). History of 20th Century Fashion By Elizabeth Ewing. ISBN9781849942324. Retrieved 1 April 2016.
- ^'Debenhams Sells Caters Supermarkets for £9.5m – Financial Times p. 4 December 1979'. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
- ^'Cripps – historyworld.co.uk – Ad Museum'. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
- ^'Cripps 1941'. January 1900. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
- ^'Merseside Tales: Bold Street in Liverpool – The Liverpool Echo p. 24 March 2012'. 24 March 2012. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
- ^'Cromwells Madhouse plc – Company Data Rex'. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
- ^Mills, Lauren (September 2001). 'Cromwells on sale for £15m – The Telegraph p. 2 Sept 2001'. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
- ^'Company sold by Sports Direct collapses – thisismoney.co.uk p. 15 Feb 2009'. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
- ^'Madhouse retailer goes bust: 700 jobs hang in the balance – Baines & Ernst p. 7 Feb 2012'. Archived from the original on 21 February 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
- ^'John Cruickshank & Co., Ladies', Gentlemen's and Children's Complete Outfits, 1889 – The British Library Evanion Catalogue'. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
- ^Palmer, Mark (11 April 2013). Clarks: Made to Last: The story of Britain's best-known shoe firm By Mark Palmer. p. 167. ISBN1847658458. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
- ^'FACIA BUYS SAXONE AND CURTESS FROM SEARS – PR Newswire'. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
- ^'The Guardian p. 29 Dec 2011'. The Guardian. 29 December 2011. Retrieved 15 October 2015.
- ^'No explanation for shop closure – The Scarborough News p. 8 September 2011'.
- ^'Dash – localshop.co.uk'. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
- ^'Lord John – Vintage Fashion Guild'. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
- ^'Dorothy Dearnaley – historyworld.co.uk'. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
- ^'Liquidators shut door on Designer Rooms - AccountancyAge.com'. 4 February 2010. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
- ^'The spirit of Dickie Dirts still infects the online world – drapersonline p. 5 October 2013'. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
- ^'Odeon Camberwell – cinema treasures'. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
- ^'Dickie Dirts – The Advertising Archive'. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
- ^'pinterest – nik marceline'. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
- ^'Our History – Shoe Zone'. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
- ^'Sports World acquires Gilesports – Sports Insight p. 15 Feb 2006'. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
- ^'Welsh family business firmly on the ball; Will Smale – Western Mail (Cardiff) p. 18 Feb 2003'. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
- ^'Menswear chains – retrowow'. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
- ^'Kenneth Durward, 1914, vintage, ad, original, fashion, men, clothes, English, advertisement, free shipping, paper, ephemera - etsy.com'. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
- ^'Kenneth Durward Tailors Ltd – The National Archives'. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
- ^Whiteside, R. (6 December 2012). Medium Companies of Europe 1993/94: Volume 2 Medium Companies of the United Kingdom by R. Whiteside. ISBN9789401114387. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
- ^'City's great and good all in one – Leicester Mercury p. 5 April 2013'. Retrieved 10 November 2015.[permanent dead link]
- ^'Vicar Lane nos. 53 - 63 - leodis.net'. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
- ^'J Edwards & Son Ltd – historyworld.co.uk Advert Museum'. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
- ^'Iconic Edwards of Manchester shoe shop closes after trading for almost 200 years – Manchester Evening News p. 27 May 2015'. 27 May 2015. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
- ^'Eisenegger owner shuts down – the guardian p. 13 April 2006'. The Guardian. 13 April 2005. Retrieved 15 October 2015.
- ^Ewing, Elizabeth (29 December 2014). History of 20th Century Fashion By Elizabeth Ewing. ISBN9781849942324. Retrieved 1 April 2016.
- ^'Elisabeth of Colne – historyworld.co.uk – Ad Museum'. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
- ^'Enoch Edge – historyworld.co.uk – Ad Museum'. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
- ^'John Kinnaird back after £1 Style purchase – thisismoney.co.uk p. 5 February 2008'. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
- ^'Envy bought out of administration – drapersonline.co.uk p. 12 December 2008'. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
- ^'Envy hits the buffers - drapersonline.com'. Retrieved 16 November 2015.[permanent dead link]
- ^'Back in Britain: Etam relaunches in the UK with on-trend, affordable designs – Mailonlone p. 23 June 2011'. 22 June 2011. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
- ^Bowers, Simon (8 April 2005). 'Green adds 210 Etam shops to retail empire – the guardian p. 9 April 2005'. The Guardian. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
- ^'Back in Britain: Etam relaunches in the UK with on-trend, affordable designs – Mailonlone p. 23 June 2011'. 22 June 2011. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
- ^'Brown & Jackson's Profits Booming – Press Room – Pepkor Dec 1999'. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
- ^'Brantano History – Brantano UK'. Archived from the original on 2 October 2015. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
- ^Mills, Lauren (10 February 2002). 'Blacks marches on Army shops – The Telegraph p. 10 Feb 2002'. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
- ^Timpson, John (15 October 2015). High Street Heroes: The Story of British Retail in 50 People By John Timpson. p. 96. ISBN9781848319172. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
- ^Palmer, Mark (11 April 2013). Clarks: Made to Last: The story of Britain's best-known shoe firm By Mark Palmer. p. 226. ISBN1847658458. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
- ^'The Clarks shoe shop in Ashofrd High Street will shut its doors for good next month – Kent Online p. 6 March 2014'. 6 March 2014. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
- ^'Carnaby Street: A Brief History of the Area – Sixties City'. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
- ^'1980: Kevin Keegan Models His Harry Fenton Fashion Range – Flashbak p. 18 Nov 2014'. 18 November 2014. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
- ^'Combined English looks to be out of the wood – The Glasgow Herald p. 27 March 1984'. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
- ^Honeyman, Katrina (2000). Well Suited: A History of the Leeds Clothing Industry, 1850–1990 By Katrina Honeyman. p. 303. ISBN9780199202379. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
- ^'JD Sports seeks to buy rival – The Independent'. 12 March 2002. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
- ^'Blacks Leisure Group plc History – Funding Universe'. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
- ^'E Fletcher – historyworld.co.uk'. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
- ^'Flip – London RIP p. 14 Feb 2012'. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
- ^Jackson, Tim; Shaw, David (20 September 2004). The Fashion Handbook by Tim Jackson and David Shaw. p. 106. ISBN9781134521128. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
- ^'High Street Southend Timeline Photo 28 of 35'. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
- ^Palmer, Mark (11 April 2013). Clarks: Made to Last: The story of Britain's best-known shoe firm By Mark Palmer. p. 167. ISBN1847658458. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
- ^'FACIA BUYS SAXONE AND CURTESS FROM SEARS – PR Newswire'. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
- ^'Fosters Trading company - Bloomberg.com'. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
- ^'FACIA BUYS SAXONE AND CURTESS FROM SEARS – PR Newswire'. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
- ^'Herbie Frog – citikey'. Archived from the original on 3 June 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
- ^'A farewell to Britain's most stylish street – The Independent p. 10 March 2010'. 10 March 2010. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
- ^'Frontier Founder Mark Blackburn Shuts Up Shop – drapersonline p. 17 Nov 2007'. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
- ^'Gamlen Bros., clothiers, hatters and outfitters, c. 1880 – The British Library Evanion catalogue'. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
- ^'Clothing sold by Gardiner & Company clothiers and outfitters, 1881– The British Library Evanion Catalogue'. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
- ^'Moss Bros Group plc History – FundingUniverse'. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
- ^'Gee bros sell Moss Bros – New Model Advisor p. 16 October 2003'. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
- ^'Moss Bros sheds its last Cecil gee shops in £1.7m deal with JD Sports – Evening Standard p. 11 April 2012'. 20 June 2011. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
- ^'JD's Tessuti deal spells the end for Cecil Gee – drapersonline p. 16 June 2012'. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
- ^'Our Story – seasaltcornwall.co.uk'. Archived from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
- ^'Jobs safe as Bairds acquires Berkertex – The Independent p. 24 Sept 1992'. 25 September 1992. Retrieved 1 April 2016.
- ^'Ernest Ghinn (1865–1927)'. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
- ^'Chronology – Haveock Europa Ltd'. Archived from the original on 16 June 2013. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
- ^'Sports World acquires Gilesports – Sports Insight p. 15 Feb 2006'. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
- ^'Gilesports sold in multi-million-pound deal – walesonline p. 16 Feb 2006'. 16 February 2006. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
- ^'Saturday Night and Sunday Morning: Atom Retro's Guide To Mod Clothing'. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
- ^'about us – basefashions.co.uk'. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
- ^'Great Eastern Clothing Depot. James Peters, tailor & juvenile outfitter – The British Library Evanion Catalogue'. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
- ^'Brentford Families – Griffith – Brentford High Street Project'. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
- ^'Kindred Spirits – Shops – Ipswich Star p. 9 December 2014'. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
- ^'Edward Grove merchant tailor, c. 1885 – The British Library Evanion Catalogue'. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
- ^'Embroidered Shoes - Jersey Heritage.org'. 15 August 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
- ^'Hanan Shoes – historyworld.co.uk'. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
- ^'The Hanan-Gingell Shoe Co Ltd, 328–330 Oxford Street, Marylebone St Johns Wood And Mayfair, Greater London – Historic England'. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
- ^'Boar Lane 1-13 - leodis.net'. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
- ^'Ann Harvey owner to close 20 shops in property review – RetailWeek p. 2 December 2011'. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
- ^'Bonmarché to relaunch Ann Harvey – drapersonline p. 18 July 2014'. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
- ^'Kindred Spirits – Shops – Ipswich Star p. 9 December 2014'. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
- ^'C. Hayman's South London Costume Manufactory, 1887 – The British Library Evanion Catalogue'. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
- ^'Alan Hayton Ltd- historyworld.co.uk'. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
- ^'The London Gazette, 23 May 1975'(PDF). Retrieved 27 May 2016.
- ^'Elizabeth Hebden Ltd – historyworld.co.uk'. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
- ^'Millets History – millets.co.uk'. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
- ^'henri – historyworld.co.uk'. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
- ^'Winding Up Orders – The London Gazette p. 7 Feb 1974'(PDF). Retrieved 17 June 2016.
- ^'Family run firm set to shut up shop after nearly 50 years of business – Evening Echo p. 20 February 2017'. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
- ^Dickinson, Geoff. 'Stephen Hilton J.P.' Retrieved 8 June 2015.
- ^Timpson, John (15 October 2015). High Street Heroes: The Story of British Retail in 50 People By John Timpson. p. 94. ISBN9781848319172. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
- ^'Bective – advert museum historyworld.co.uk'. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
- ^Honeyman, Katrina (2000). Well Suited: A History of the Leeds Clothing Industry, 1850–1990 By Katrina Honeyman. p. 303. ISBN9780199202379. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
- ^Seward, Alun; Swidenbank, David (15 May 2011). Pontypridd Through Time by Alun Seward. p. 92. ISBN9781445630335. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
- ^'Dunn & Co calls in the receivers'. The Independent. 20 December 1996. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
- ^'Holbourne (Fashions) Ltd. – historyworld.co.uk'. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
- ^'The London Gazette p. 27 September 1940'(PDF). Retrieved 13 September 2016.
- ^Marwick, William H. (16 December 2013). Scotland in Modern Times by William H Marwick. p. 164. ISBN9781136935572. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
- ^'Hector Powe – A blog for the Commercial Overprint Society of Great Britain (COSGB). p. 10 Dec 2014'. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
- ^'Horne Brothers Ltd – Museum of Croydon Collections'. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
- ^'SEARS PLC History – Funding Universe'. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
- ^'Horne Bros overtaken by trading losses – The Independent p. 23 Oct 2011'. 31 July 1993. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
- ^Mills, Lauren (September 2001). 'Cromwells on Sale for £15m'. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
- ^'House of Holland – Brighton'. Retrieved 1 May 2015.
- ^'Blacks Leisure Group plc History – Funding Universe'. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
- ^'JJB Sports plc – Company Profile, Information, Business Description, History, Background Information on JJB Sports plc – Reference for Business'. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
- ^'Thomas Howell, outfitters, 1895 – The British Library – Evanion Catalogue'. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
- ^'Hunt & Winterbotham – Graces Guide'. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
- ^'Hunt & Winterbotham – historyworld.co.uk – Ad Museum'. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
- ^'Hyam & Co – COSGB'. 13 January 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
- ^'Briggate, postcard - leodis.net'. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
- ^'Remembering Lewis's: The jewel in Leeds' retail crown'. Yorkshire Post. 26 May 2015. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
- ^'The International Fur Shop – historyworld.co.uk advert museum'. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
- ^'Old Photos of Chelmsford – Francis Firth'. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
- ^'Halstead & District Local History Society'. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
- ^'Final Meetings ITALIAN SUIT COMPANY LTD – The London Gazette p. 27 February 2014'. Retrieved 10 December 2015.
- ^'Saturday Night and Sunday Morning: Atom Retro's Guide To Mod Clothing'. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
- ^'And so farewell, The Ivy Shop – The Independent'. 20 January 1995. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
- ^'Old Tram to Leeds - Secret Leeds.com'. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
- ^Honeyman, Katrina (2000). Well Suited: A History of the Leeds Clothing Industry, 1850–1990 By Katrina Honeyman. p. 303. ISBN9780199202379. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
- ^'Suits you sir: Jackson returns to high street – Evening Times p. 3 April 2009'. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
- ^Sigsworth, Eric M. (1990). Montague Burton: The Tailor of Taste By Eric M. Sigsworth. p. 152. ISBN9780719023644. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
- ^'Huddersfield's Jonathan James shoe shop to close as chain to cease trading before Christmas – The Huddersfield Daily Examiner p. 27 November 2012'. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
- ^'Queen Shoes – historyworld.co.uk Advert Museum'. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
- ^'Prince Andrew and the Matalan princess – Daily Mail p. 5 August 2007'. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
- ^'Clock stops for GUS, the empire created by a legend – The Telegraph p. 7 Oct 2006'. 6 October 2006. Retrieved 10 October 2015.
- ^Peston, Robert (30 October 2008). Who Runs Britain?: ...and who's to blame for the economic mess we're in by Robert Peston. p. 71. ISBN9781848940161. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
- ^'Singing London The Kings Road'. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
- ^'This Is the Life – The Independent'. 11 March 1995. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
- ^'Inside Johnson's Kensington & King's Road shops in the 80s – The Look'. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
- ^'http://www.leodis.net/display.aspx?resourceIdentifier=200824_165984&DISPLAY=FULL'. Retrieved 4 November 2016.External link in
|title=
(help) - ^'Croydon High St JUST PANTS PLUS – flickr'. January 1980. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
- ^'Happy Memories – GRVS'. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
- ^'K Shoes – Industrial History of Cumbria'. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
- ^'King, Malcolm & Co, 1895 – The British Library Evanion Catalogue'. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
- ^'Kookai goes into administration – bbc.co.uk p. 3 Jan 2006'. 3 January 2006. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
- ^'Fashion retailer Kookai quits UK – insolvencynews p. 24 April 2013'. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
- ^'J. B. Ladbury [Firm] – The British Library Evanion Catalogue'. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
- ^'Carnaby Street: A Brief History of the Area – Sixties City'. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
- ^'New Briggate, looking north – leodis'. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
- ^'John Laing & Co, boot and shoe merchants – The National Archives'. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
- ^Palmer, Mark (11 April 2013). Clarks: Made to Last: The story of Britain's best-known shoe firm by Mark Palmer. p. 122. ISBN1847658458. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
- ^'Lavand – carnarby.co.uk'. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
- ^'George H. Lavey & Company Limited tailors and gentlemen's outfitters, 155 Oxford Street, London, by - architecture.com'. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
- ^'Milets History – millets.co.uk'. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
- ^'Ladies Shopping at Clothing Shops in 1989, London – gettyimages.co.uk'. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
- ^'1950s advert for LEE BROTHERS overwear Ltd Westbury ladieswool coat fashion 1955 – ebay'. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
- ^'Clothing sold by Lewis & Co., 1893 – The British Library Evanion Catalogue'. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
- ^'Lilley and Skinner – Graces Guide to British Industrial History'. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
- ^'Jobs axed despite shoe chain rescue – kentonline.co.uk p. 30 Jan 2008'. 30 January 2008. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
- ^'Littlewoods' John Moores, the father of home shopping'. BBC. 17 March 2010. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
- ^'Game over or extra time? Liverpool art deco gem faces demolition'. Save Britain's Heritage. Archived from the original on 17 March 2014. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
- ^'Albion Place, looking towards Briggate and King Edward Street - leodis.net'. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
- ^'The L.C.C London Corset Company – historyworld.co.uk advert museum'. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
- ^'Lord John – Vintage Fashion Guild'. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
- ^'Saturday Night and Sunday Morning: Atom Retro's Guide To Mod Clothing'. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
- ^'Records of Lotus Ltd. & Subsidiaries – The National Archives'. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
- ^'End of an era as gentleman's outfitters closes – Western Morning News p. 16 Feb 2015'. Archived from the original on 29 April 2015. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
- ^'Sports shop is forced to open on the Sabbath – heraldscotland p. 5 Jan 2010'. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
- ^'Michael Albert Beesley M. & J. Sports & Leisure Ltd – Findthecompany'. Retrieved 30 November 2015.[permanent dead link]
- ^'Parisian Novelties at Jay's, Regent Street, London – historyworld.co.uk advert museum'. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
- ^'SEARS PLC history – Funding Universe'. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
- ^'FACIA BUYS SAXONE AND CURTESS FROM SEARS – PR Newswire'. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
- ^'T. Manley, high-class tailor of Westminster, 1891 – The British Library Evanion Catalogue'. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
- ^'Millets History – millets.co.uk'. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
- ^'The London Gazette, June 7, 1881'(PDF). Retrieved 27 May 2016.
- ^'G.U.S. Divedend Report – The Glasgow Herald p. 17 Nov 1954'. Retrieved 10 November 2015. Was merged into the Town Tailors brand.
- ^'The man who plans to tower over London – The Independent p. 23 October 2011'. April 2010. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
- ^'Vicar Lane - Leodis.net'. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
- ^'Blacks Leisure Group plc History – Funding Universe'. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
- ^'T Y McGurk Sports Limited – Company Check'. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
- ^'The Meaker Family History – The Meakers of Fiddington'. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
- ^'Menswear chains – retrowow'. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
- ^'Millets History – millets.co.uk'. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
- ^'Millets History – millets.co.uk'. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
- ^'Millets History – millets.co.uk'. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
- ^Timpson, John (15 October 2015). High Street Heroes: The Story of British Retail in 50 People By John Timpson. p. 96. ISBN9781848319172. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
- ^'Golden Gates – The Northern Echo p. 10 November 2011'. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
- ^'OFT may fine firms over football strip pricing – The Independent'. 27 November 2002. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
- ^'History of The Great Universal Stores plc – Reference for Business'. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
- ^Ewing, Elizabeth (29 December 2014). History of 20th Century Fashion By Elizabeth Ewing. ISBN9781849942324. Retrieved 1 April 2016.
- ^'Im1949BIF-Moseley.jpg – Graces Guide'. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
- ^'Naf Naf Sa - reference for business.com'. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
- ^'Daniel Newl – johnlewismemoryshop.org.uk'. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
- ^'Albion Place - leodis.net'. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
- ^'Latest fashions for 1887 manufactured by D. Nicholson & Co., 1887 – The British library Evanion Catalogue'. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
- ^'H. J. Nicholl & Co. – A blog for the Commercial Overprint Society of Great Britain (COSGB)'. 4 September 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
- ^'William Morris – Smock Shock'. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
- ^'Howlett and White – Graces Guide to British Industrial History'. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
- ^'The History of the Mansfield Shoe Company – Our Mansfield and area'. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
- ^Timpson, John (15 October 2015). High Street Heroes: The Story of British Retail in 50 People By John Timpson. p. 103. ISBN9781848319172. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
- ^'Ragged Rose – Gift Focus Issue 66-page 146'. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
- ^'Oakland sale signals Facia group demise – The Independent'. 21 June 1996. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
- ^'Old Glory – Shopping in Leeds'. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
- ^'Old Glory Limited – Companies House'. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
- ^'The City of Leicester: Footwear manufacture pages 314–326'. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
- ^'SEARS PLC History - FundingUniverse.com'. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
- ^'MAYFIND ACQUIRES OLYMPUS AND OLYMPUS SPORTSWORLD FROM SEARS – PR Newswire'. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
- ^Peston, Robert (30 October 2008). Who Runs Britain?: ...and who's to blame for the economic mess we're in By Robert Peston. p. 76. ISBN9781848940161. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
- ^'Pleasant surprise in shophouse – The Independent p. 26 May 1995'. 26 May 1995. Retrieved 11 May 2015.
- ^Lansley, Stewart (8 September 2008). Top Man:How Philip Green built his High Street Empire by Stewart Lansley. p. 63. ISBN9781845138059. Retrieved 11 May 2015.
- ^'BHS move one up – Housewares September 1993 Issue 102'. Retrieved 11 May 2015.
- ^'The Original Shoe Company Limited Bloomberg Business'. Retrieved 15 October 2015.
- ^'Ashley sells Original Shoe Company to JJB – The Telegraph p. 19 Dec 2007'. 19 December 2007. Retrieved 15 October 2015.
- ^'More Original Shoe Company and Qube shops close – drapersonline p. 18 Mar 2009'. Retrieved 15 October 2015.
- ^'Owen's – historyworld.co.uk'. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
- ^Jackson, Tim; Shaw, David (20 September 2004). The Fashion Handbook by Tim Jackson, David Shaw. p. 196. ISBN9781134521111. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
- ^'History of Great Universal Stores plc – Research for Business'. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
- ^'Combined English Shops hoists its dividend – Glasgow Herald p. 1 April 1987'. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
- ^'E. Parker, draper, milliner and dress maker, 1885 – The British Library Evanion Catalogue'. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
- ^Lansley, Stewart (8 September 2008). Top Man: How Philip Green built his High Street Empire by Stewart Lansley. p. 63. ISBN9781845138059. Retrieved 11 May 2015.
- ^'Cardiff indie Pavilion Clothing to close after 29 years – drapersonline p. 30 June 2015'. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
- ^'Snob and Peter Brown leaves Etam looking for £33m – The Glasgow Herald p. 22 July 1987'. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
- ^Honeyman, Katrina (2000). Well Suited: A History of the Leeds Clothing Industry, 1850–1990 By Katrina Honeyman. p. 303. ISBN9780199202379. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
- ^Timpson, John (15 October 2015). High Street Heroes: The Story of British Retail in 50 People By John Timpson. p. 93. ISBN9781848319172. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
- ^'High Street – SouthendTimeline.com Photo 26 of 35'. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
- ^'Thomas Pike & Co., practical tailors and habit makers, 1881 – The British Library Evanion Catalogue'. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
- ^Wallop, Harry (6 January 2005). 'Pilot loses way with £9m debt – The Telegraph p. 6 Jan 2005'. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
- ^Swann, June (1986). Shoemaking By June Swann. p. 23. ISBN9780852637784. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
- ^Inwood, Stephen (6 July 2011). City of Cities: The Birth Of Modern London By Stephen Inwood. p. 419. ISBN9780330540674. Retrieved 13 November 2015. The business continued to trade until the early 1960s.
- ^'G.U.S. Dividend Report – The Glasgow Herald p. 17 Nov 1954'. Retrieved 10 November 2015. Was merged into the Town Tailors brand.
- ^Beasley, John D. (15 May 2010). Origin of Placenames in Peckham & Nunhead by John D. Beasley. p. 112. ISBN9781445629841. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
- ^'Baptists in Newham 1852–2012 by Colin Marchant'(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
- ^'Suitably retro, grandfather style – welldresseddad p. 24 May 2013'. 24 May 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
- ^'Menswear chains – retrowow'. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
- ^'Albion Place, looking towards Briggate and King Edward Street'. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
- ^'Sixties passion for fashion rolls back in town – The Chronicle p. 28 Apr 2010'. 27 April 2010. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
- ^'Barratts – Vintage Fashion Guild'. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
- ^'About Us – Pumpkin Patch'. Archived from the original on 23 November 2015. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
- ^Peacock, Louisa (19 January 2012). 'Pumpkin Patch closes UK shops – The Telegraph p. 19 Jan 2012'. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
- ^Walsh, Fiona (11 February 2006). 'Clothing chains join retail casualty list – The Guardian p. 11 February 2006'. The Guardian. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
- ^'More Original Shoe Company and Qube shops close – drapersonline p. 18 Mar 2009'. Retrieved 15 October 2015.
- ^'Retailing, Advertising and the Making of London's Victorian Middle-Class by M C Bryant, University of New Brunswick, Canada, 1999'.Missing or empty
|url=
(help) - ^'3 London Road: Scope - london-road-croydon.org'. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
- ^'Ravel Shoes – History and Review'. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
- ^'End of the road for Ravel as Clarks swings the axe – drapersonline p. 12 May 2007'. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
- ^'Jones Corner - Canvey Island.org'. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
- ^'Rolling back the years.. and sleeves – The Scotsman p. 7 Feb 2008'. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
- ^'Our Story – RedorDead'. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
- ^'Menswear chains – retrowow'. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
- ^'Vicar Lane and Market Buildings, postcard – Leodis'. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
- ^'Leith Street May 1966 Traffic in the Snow – edinphoto'. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
- ^'G.U.S. Divedend Report – The Glasgow Herald p. 17 Nov 1954'. Retrieved 10 November 2015. Was merged into the Town tailors brand.
- ^'Sam Elsbury'. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
- ^'Boar Lane, tram no.2099 - leodis.net'. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
- ^'Knowsley Street Memories – Bolton Evening News p. 6 Jan 2016'.Missing or empty
|url=
(help) - ^'Kindred Spirits – Shops – Ipswich Star p. 9 December 2014'. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
- ^'Men's Outfitters closes after 64 years – Lytham St Annes Express'. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
- ^'Rogers & Co (Military Outfitters) Ltd – The National Archives'. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
- ^'A bag of boots containing: 1 pair mens 'Made specially for Rogers & Co. Military Outfitters. 33 - the salesroom.com'. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
- ^'Dege & Skinner on Savile Row : 150 Years and Going Strong – parisiangentleman.co.uk p. 14 Jun 2015'. 14 June 2015. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
- ^'Castlepoint before it was Castlepoint – Bournemouth Echo p. 18 March 2015'. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
- ^'J.Roussel – advert museum historyworld.co.uk'. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
- ^'T. J. Rowan ladies' and gentlemen's practical tailor, 1882 – The British Library Evanion Catalogue'. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
- ^'A W Rust Leather wear – zyra.org.uk'. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
- ^''Hygienic tailoring' Samuel Brothers, Ludgate Hill – The British Library Evanion Catalogue'. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
- ^'Samuel Brothers Limited – COGSB'. 27 March 2011. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
- ^'Saxone Shoe Co – Graces Guide to British Industrial History'. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
- ^'FACIA BUYS SAXONE AND CURTESS FROM SEARS – PR Newswire'. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
- ^'Advert for Scholes & Scholes – historyworld.co.uk'. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
- ^'The London Gazette, 27 July 1988'(PDF). Retrieved 27 May 2016.
- ^Mills, Lauren (6 October 2001). 'Scotch House to shut up shop – The Telegraph p. 7 Oct 2001'. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
- ^'Fleming, Reid and Co – gracesguide.co.uk'. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
- ^'SCOTT ADIE LTD 1854 1954 ROYAL SCOTCH WAREHOUSE LONDON ENGLAND CATALOG HISTORY – Ebay'. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
- ^'Stock Photo – Original 1920s vintage print advertisement from English country gentleman's newspaper advertising sporting garments by Scott Adie of Conduit Street London – alamy'. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
- ^'The man who plans to tower over London – The Independent p. 23 October 2011'. April 2010. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
- ^'Irvine Sellars – Vintage Fashion Guild'. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
- ^'Sharps of Preston – historyworld.co.uk advert museum'. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
- ^'Sharps of Preston – historyworld.co.uk advert museum'. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
- ^'People in Fashion Walk on the Mild Side – The Independent'. 15 March 1998. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
- ^'Brand Health Check:Shellys – What can Shellys do to get its old shine back? – Marketing Magazine p. 26 Feb 2002'. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
- ^'Stylo disposes of Shellys shoe shops – FT.com 18 March 2008'. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
- ^'Taylor Swift leads revival in Shellys shoes stepping out in three different styles from British brand making a come back – mailonline p. 12 October 2012'. 12 October 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
- ^Thompson, John L. (2001). Understanding Corporate Strategy By John L. Thompson. p. 620. ISBN1861527551. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
- ^'Brantano History'. Archived from the original on 2 October 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
- ^'Upside Down Management: A Common Sense Guide to Better Business By John Timpson'. p. 130. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
- ^'Dune buys Shoe Studio – The Independent p. 5 March 2009'. Retrieved 10 December 2015.
- ^'Shoe Studio Group sold to Dune – drapersonline p. 3 March 2009'. Retrieved 10 December 2015.
- ^'Shoefayre sold by Co-op – Manchester Evening News p. 13 September 2007'. 13 September 2007. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
- ^'Co-op Group takes over running of Shoefayre – Co-operative News p. 11 Feb 2005'. 11 February 2005. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
- ^'Shoefayre gets a new image – Cooperative News p. 15 Jan 2005'. 25 January 2005.
- ^'Shoefayre hoists For Sale sign as Co-op seeks footwear exit – drapersonline p. 21 July 2007'. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
- ^'Shoefayre sold by Co-op – Manchester Evening News p. 13 September 2007'. 13 September 2007. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
- ^'Signet Shoe Co. – historyworld.co.uk advert museum'. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
- ^'About Us – TOWER London'. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
- ^'Menswear chains – retrowow'. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
- ^'Smart Weston A Memory of Romford – Francis Firth'. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
- ^'Customer and Company Perspectives of Shop Positioning: A Study of the UK Specialist Menswear Fashion Sector Submitted in fulfilment of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2001 by Grete Birtistle – University of Stirling The Institute for Retail Studies'.Missing or empty
|url=
(help) - ^Jackson, Tim; Shaw, David (20 September 2004). The Fashion Handbook By Tim Jackson and David Shaw. p. 106. ISBN9781134521128. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
- ^'Snob and Peter Brown deals leaves Etam looking for £33m – The Glasgow Herald p. 22 July 1987'. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
- ^Honeyman, Katrina (2000). Well Suited: A History of the Leeds Clothing Industry, 1850–1990 By Katrina Honeyman. p. 303. ISBN9780199202379. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
- ^'Clarks: Made to Last: The story of Britain's best-known shoe firm By Mark Palmer'.Missing or empty
|url=
(help) - ^'Chelmsford Then and Now: 4–5 High Street – Crane Inn, Spalding's, Natwest – Essex Records Office'. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
- ^'Shoe company acquires 24 Sports Connection shops – The Herald p. 26 Feb 2003'. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
- ^'History – Startrite'. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
- ^Timpson, John (15 October 2015). High Street Heroes: The Story of British Retail in 50 People By John Timpson. p. 96. ISBN9781848319172. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
- ^'Stead and Simpson – Graces Guide to British Industrial History'. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
- ^'Why the old shoe retailers are on their uppers – The Telegraph p. 27 Jan 2008'. 27 January 2008. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
- ^'Mabel Stephenson Ltd – advert museum historyworld.co.uk'. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
- ^Honeyman, Katrina (2000). Well Suited: A History of the Leeds Clothing Industry, 1850–1990 By Katrina Honeyman. p. 303. ISBN9780199202379. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
- ^'Stone-Dri: 35 Years On... – Malemode p. 22 June 2014'. 22 June 2014. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
- ^'STONE-DRI, WEATHERWEAR (1960), The shops for Raincoats – Direct from Factory to Wearer, Oxford Circus – delcampe'. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
- ^'Tributes to electrical shop boss Howard Stone – Evening Echo p. 10 Nov 2008'. Retrieved 11 December 2015.
- ^'Essex FM becomes Heart in June – sarfend.co.uk/southendnews p. 27 April 2009'. 27 April 2009. Retrieved 11 December 2015.
- ^'Father of Southend tennis stars dies aged 94 – Southend Standard p. 15 Sept 2014'. Retrieved 11 December 2015.
- ^Quinn, James (19 December 2006). 'Secretive-Sports-World-buys-rival – The Telegraph p. 19 Dec 2006'. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
- ^'Company sold by Sports Direct collapses – thisismoney.co.uk p. 15 Feb 2009'. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
- ^'Advert for Jeanne Stuart of Blackpool – historyworld.co.uk'. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
- ^'Studd & Millington Ltd – historyworld.co.uk advert museum'. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
- ^Bownes, David; Fleming, Robert (10 July 2014). Posters of the First World War By David Bownes and Robert Fleming Page 112. ISBN9780747815396. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
- ^'Barratts – Vintage Fashion Guild'. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
- ^'The Suggs of Sheffield (Sports)'. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
- ^'Brian Brick: Moss Bros Boss hopes smart moves will pay off – The Independent'. 24 June 2010. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
- ^'Suits You bought by Eygptian supplier – drapersonline p. 12 Mar 2008'. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
- ^'Suits You in administration – drapersonline p. 27 October 2010'. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
- ^'Former Suits You owners take over 12 of its shops – drapersonline p. 28 Jan 2011'. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
- ^'Blacks Leisure Group plc History – Funding Universe'. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
- ^'COSGB Swears & Wells'. Retrieved 1 April 2016.
- ^Ewing, Elizabeth (29 December 2014). History of 20th Century Fashion By Elizabeth Ewing. ISBN9781849942324. Retrieved 1 April 2016.
- ^'John Timpson: buying back the family business – The Telegraph p. 3 April 2010'. 3 April 2010. Retrieved 1 April 2016.
- ^'London: the original menswear capital – fashion – The Telegraph p. 11 June 2013'. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
- ^Hogan, Phil (9 April 2005). 'My top fashion tip? At some point you're going to get laughed at – The Guardian p. 10 April 2005'. The Guardian. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
- ^''The Kings Road' is just one of several Sixties City articles and pages that examine the birthplace of the 'Swinging Sixties' in London – Sixties City'. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
- ^'Gilbert Taylor – Historyworld.co.uk'. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
- ^'Gilbert Taylor – historyworld.co.uk'. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
- ^'Blacks Leisure Group plc History – Funding Universe'. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
- ^'Clock-stops-for-GUS-the-empire-created-by-a-legend – The Telegraph p.7 Oct 2006'. 6 October 2006. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
- ^'Stock Photo - Original 1920s vintage print advertisement from English country gentleman's newspaper advertising sporting attire by Thomas & Sons of New Bond Street London - Alamy.com'. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
- ^'Stock Photo - Original 1920s vintage print advertisement from English country gentleman's newspaper advertising hunting clothing by Thomas & Sons of Brook Street London - Alamy.com'. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
- ^'The India List and India Office List – Google Books'. 1819. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
- ^'Briggate, Marks & Spencers - Leodis.net'. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
- ^'50 and 51 Briggate, Leeds – britishlistedbuildings.co.uk'. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
- ^'Tissimans in Bishop's Stortford to close after 400 years trading – bbc.co.uk p. 29 Jan 2013'. BBC News. 29 January 2013. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
- ^'Tissimans History – Tissimans.co.uk'. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
- ^'50 Years of SOLETRADER'. Archived from the original on 21 December 2015. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
- ^'About Us – TOWER London'. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
- ^'G.U.S. Divedend Report – The Glasgow Herald p. 17 Nov 1954'. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
- ^'Trewby Brothers clothing sale, 1882 – The British Library Evanion Catalogue'. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
- ^'SEARS PLC history – Funding Universal'. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
- ^'British Shoe Corporation Records – National Archive'. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
- ^'FACIA BUYS SAXONE AND CURTESS FROM SEARS – PR Newswire'. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
- ^'S Tully – historyworld.co.uk advert museum'. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
- ^'Turnbull, Reakes & Co., Tailors – The British Library Evanion Catalogue'. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
- ^Timpson, John (15 October 2015). High Street Heroes: The Story of British Retail in 50 People By John Timpson. p. 93. ISBN9781848319172. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
- ^'Dudley Street, Wolverhampton – Black Country History'. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
- ^'W & E Turner Ltd, boot and shoe makers – The National Archives'. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
- ^'RECORDS OF MESSRS J R TYLER & SONS, BOOT & SHOE MANUFACTURERS & RETAILERS, OF CHARLES STREET, LEICESTER, 1817–1979'. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
- ^'History of Fashion 1970's – 1980's - catwalkyourself.com'. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
- ^Timpson, John (15 October 2015). High Street Heroes: The Story of British Retail in 50 People By John Timpson. p. 104. ISBN9781848319172. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
- ^'Vantella Shirts – advert museum historyworld.co.uk'. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
- ^'Carnaby Street: A Brief History of the Area – Sixties City'. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
- ^'Virgo (London) Limited – The London Gazette p. 15 Jan 2015'. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
- ^'Clock stops for GUS, the empire created by a legend – The Telegraph p. 7 Oct 2006'. 6 October 2006. Retrieved 10 October 2015.
- ^'Wade Smith bites the dust by John Connolly – Swine Magazine'. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
- ^'Arcadia sells Wade-Smith to founder for £7m cash – The Telegraph p. 7 April 2001'. 6 April 2001. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
- ^'#TBT:Wade Smith in Liverpool remembered – The Echo p. 19 Nov 2015'. 19 November 2015. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
- ^'Millets History – millets.co.uk'. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
- ^'A Remnant of Old Briggate, postcard - leodis.net'. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
- ^'Power arrangers – Mike Taylor – convenienceshop.co.uk'. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
- ^Beech, John G.; Beech, John; Chadwick, Simon (2007). The Marketing of Sport By John G. Beech and Simon Chadwick. p. 376. ISBN9780273688266. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
- ^'Southport Visiter LookBack: Watson Prickard remembered – Southport Visiter p. 7 May 2010'. 7 May 2010. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
- ^'Former Watson Prickard Building, North John Street, Liverpool'. 13 November 2008. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
- ^'Watson Prickard – historyworld.co.uk'. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
- ^'Advert for Fred Watts & Co, gentleman's outfitters – The British Library Evanion Collection'. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
- ^Honeyman, Katrina (2000). Well Suited: A History of the Leeds Clothing Industry, 1850–1990 by Katrina Honeyman. p. 303. ISBN9780199202379. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
- ^Jackson, Tim; Shaw, David (20 September 2004). The Fashion Handbook by Tim Jackson, David Shaw. p. 106. ISBN9781134521128. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
- ^'Mt Fur lady – Trade Mark Direct'. Archived from the original on 24 December 2015. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
- ^Fletcher, Richard (19 March 2008). 'Blacks suspend board director – The Telegraph p. 19 March 2008'. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
- ^'Blacks Leisure Group plc history – Funding Universe'. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
- ^'Western Jean Company Limited – BIZSTATS'. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
- ^'Clock stops for GUS, the empire created by a legend – The Telepgraph p. 7 Oct 2006'. Retrieved 10 October 2015.
- ^'Menswear chains – retrowow.co.uk'. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
- ^'The London Gazette p. 26 Sept 1975'(PDF). Retrieved 15 April 2016.
- ^'Williams & Hopkins, Ltd., drapers and costumiers, 36/38 Old Christchurch Road, Bournemouth, Dorset'. 14 November 2014. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
- ^'The Casual Type 1958 – Norman Parkinson Archive'. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
- ^'Castle Buildings Llanelli – llanellich.org.uk'. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
- ^Ewing, Elizabeth (29 December 2014). History of 20th Century Fashion By Elizabeth Ewing. ISBN9781849942324. Retrieved 1 April 2016.
- ^'A 1940s black jacket by Willsons Fashions; a 1950s rust coloured dress with a matching jacket – The salesroom'. Retrieved 1 April 2016.
- ^'J. & C. Winter, Tailors & Outfitters, c. 1885 – The British Library Evanion Catalogue'. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
- ^'Woodrow – Historyworld.co.uk advert museum'. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
- ^'Hat – V&A collections'. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
- ^'Woolf Brothers Revised Price List, 1883 – The British Library Evanion Catalogue'. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
- ^'M. Woolf, ready made and bespoke tailoring, 1887? – The British Library Evanion Catalogue'. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
- ^'Worth Et Cie. Artistes En Corsets – historyworld.co.uk ad museum'. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
- ^'G. B. Britton and Sons – Graces Guide to British Industrial History'. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
- ^'The Lost Precinct An A to Z of Defunct retailers'. 18 May 2012. Retrieved 11 May 2015.
- ^Lansley, Stewart (8 September 2008). Top Man:How Philip Green built his High Street Empire by Stewart Lansley. p. 63. ISBN9781845138059. Retrieved 11 May 2015.
- ^'Zara – historyworld.co.uk Ad Museum'. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_clothing_and_footwear_shops_in_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=917154745'